How is the idea of powerlessness shown in ‘Of Mice And Men’? Essay

How does Steinbeck present different types of precedent and impotence in Of Mice and Men? In the book Of Mice and Men Steinbeck uses different types of advocate and powerlessness to show the personalities of the characters. He uses the idea of power to show difference in all the characters and how their differences change each individual life in the ranch. Steinbeck portrays more than strengths and weakness in a wide spectrum. In the pecking order of the ranch, Curley has most power, and is a bully. His married woman has no identity, and is terribly alone(p lossicate), but she too hurts others utilize manipulation. Cruelty and abuse of power characterises most of the novel, with the most noniceable ejection of George and Lennie. Lennie shows extreme power in his strength. He is like an animal as it says snorted and paws. He is portrayed like a bear but shows, although he has the strength to crush Curleys hand on page 69-71, he has no control of his mind and lacks confidence and has to rely on George such as a domestic animal would towards his owner.Furthermore he is exposit as a colossal manlarge, pale eyes and overly dragging his feet a little, the way a bear drags his paws. Steinbeck uses his physical power to show he is d irritabilityous to the other characters such as Curleys married woman who Lennie kills. Steinbeck shows that when Lennie starts to panic his power gets worse consequently fatal for Curleys wife. Also he cannot think for himself and crushes Curleys hand because he is told to by George. Lennies animal characteristics similarly come through in this chapter bleatedhuge paws. passim the book Lennies actions reflect badly on the ambitiousness that the men in the ranch share. He is constantly putting it in jeopardy due to his lack of control and view towards how his actions reflect on others. The combination of innocence and strength is what really makes Lennie so powerful and dangerous.Throughout the novel Steinbeck presents the character of Curleys wife in a enactment of ways. Initially he tells us that she is a beautiful girl who is lonely and she is the only female on the ranch. Steinbeck explains that she is presented as a inner determination for Curly. Even though she is the bosss sons wife, she is tranquillise low in the hierarchy within the ranch. She clearly uses her sexuality as a weapon and is fulfilln as a sexual predator. Curleys wife uses sexual power to get what she wants as a woman in the 1930s would have little economic or social power and even when as you find out toward the end of the book and the finis of Curleys wife she only acts like this so shecan lastly have the attention she is missing out on. Unfortunately her sexuality has no impact on the farm because everyone is scared of being friendly or seen with her due to her husbands power. She is flirtatious you guys seen Curly anywhere?She asks this ripe to be able to enter the stable to be with the men and this is utilize a de coy to get her to be able to socialise with the men. Steinbeck is gift the reader a negative image of her, almost as a sex slave. We see this negativity in other characters description of her She is said to be a tart and a aggrandise by George and Candy. She also wears a lot of make-up heavily do up and also dresses up cotton house dressred mules. Steinbeck shows her to stand seductively body thrown forward. Lennie who is captured by her sexual nature and states over and over after first meeting her shes purty. Moreover, during alternate situations she uses her power to manipulate others as she does when in Crooks room. She uses the power of being a white female to be racist towards Crooks.She knows Crooks cannot hurt or say anything against her because of the unfairness and punishment towards blacks, such as in the Scottsboro trial, and uses this to her receipts to take out all the hurt she has been feeling by being ignored on the ranch and only been given attention when she s hows her sexuality. She also manipulates Lennie into talking with her by making him feel pity for her by verbalize him how lonely she feels I get awful lonely and I neer get to talk to nobody. In Of Mice and Men Steinbeck mainly presents Curley as a mean person who wants authority on the ranch. Although this makes Curley a more hated character, Steinbeck makes it clear to the reader that Curley is only mean as a result of being lonely.This loneliness of Curley was typical of men on ranches in 1930s America. Curley wants to get more authority on the ranch. When we first see Curley, he is described as closing his hands into fists and stiffening his foul into a slight crouch after looking at Lennie, display the reader that Curley wants more authority over him. This makes the reader feel approximately uneasy as it hints that Curley may do something which will push George and Lennies dream later in the novel. Also by Steinbeck saying that Curley has stringent curly hair it makes m e feel he is being presented as an uptight, ferocious character. Curley feels intimidated by the sheer size of Lennie and feels Lennie is competition that he must beat in order to show his toughness and in baptismal font Lennie tries to winover Curleys wife. Steinbeck also presents Curley as being an truculent character. For example, Curley is quick to pick a fight with Lennie in Chapter three of the novel. Steinbeck uses lyric poem like slashed to describe Curleys strength and aggressiveness.The reader feels anger towards Curley at this point as he attacks Lennie only because he is large in build. Curley is also shown to only use his wife as when she dies Curley does not seem to show any love or respect for his wife as in staying with her when she is found dead or even vent to her and his first thought is Lennie. He only shows hatred for Lennie and wants to hurt Lennie. I think Steinbeck made this character to show how others actions and how they react to them can affect a d ream or hope you have. For example Curleys location towards Lennie and his wife subsequently leads to neither of them achieving their dream. In conclusion Steinbeck shows power in strength, where you are on the hierarchy and in sexuality of women. Steinbeck represents compassionate nature in the commendable and unfavourable qualities people had during the depression in the 1930s. Steinbeck shows that human nature changed considerably and mostly for the worse during this period of the great depression. hoi polloi looked up to and were more frightened of big men such as Lennie and Curley but more critical and abusive towards woman as they thought they were merely sexual objects as Steinbeck shows in the attitude towards Curleys wife by the ranchers.

Health Promotion Among the Homeless Essay

As the prudence changes, so does the availability of returns, goods and money for many every individual. For those individuals who argon already struggling with some type of issue such as a decrease in hours worked, wage, disability, domestic violence etc. these changes affect them in a much more severe context. For those who become or are dispossessed, wellness dread may non be the first issue to take make do of on their daily tasks list. new-sprung(prenominal)(prenominal) things like eating, decision safe shelter and non getting arrested are of the most importance. hitherto as many contract health related diseases such as tuberculosis, diabetes, scabies, influenza, etc. health care becomes of concern and a necessity in order to maintain a way of life. wellness advance among the homeless person community is not only important yet needed. Health promotion can be burdenive with the appropriate intervention methods, professional module and the continuous availability of service and goods offered to the community. The National federation for the Homeless (2009) tell that the Census Bureau calculated that 45. million Americans did not have health insurance in 2007 and out of this 45. 7 million uninsured individuals, 8. 1 million children in the United States were without health insurance. Homelessness and miss of health care are positively related and having no health insurance at all can itself alone cause homelessness. According to the National Coalition for the Homeless (2009), half of all personal bankruptcies in the United States in 2008 were due to health related problems.The most important fact to reckon when promotion health to this community is that they have little to no money, carry out embarrassment, nervousness and/or may become offended and may not appear as if they need help but may or may not be mentally ill. These three things are not only considered barriers to the community when trying to receive health care but they are also barriers to the medical professionals who are not properly meliorate on how to show discretion and privacy for each homeless individual. Other relevant barriers include the lack of knowledge about where to get treated, lack of transportation and health care costs.To overcome these barriers, medical health professionals must be adequately educated on this community and any new developments within this community as well. as well affordable transportation and cosmos assistanceance must be indiscriminately made available to this population. atomic number 53 of the biggest ways to break these barriers is to create and increase public health supporting for this population. There is one federally funded program, Health Care for the Homeless, which provides health care for homeless persons. These serve include but are not particular(a) to substance abuse services, emergency care and public housing assistance.Also providing dental and mental health care in most areas, this federall y funded program creates a standard by which some other(a) programs created should be base off of and also provides a foundation to for other programs needed to assist this growing population. Poor health in the homeless community has an effect on society. Homelessness impacts the community in the following ways economically, politically, legally and physically. As the number of unhealthy homeless individuals increase, the cost of maintaining and operating health facilities and service programs that cater to this population increases.Taxpayers fund these programs and services with the help of private donations. When the homeless do not seek out these federally funded or in camera funded services and programs, they seek some other method of obtaining money and/or services by panhandling or stealing, this creates a legal problem. Also for those individuals who do not go to a shelter or place to eat, they must baffle food and typically they do this through garbage cans and recycl able places. This operation creates health issues which causes this epidemic to continue.As there are those businesses that may recall the homeless individual to bathe or clean themselves properly, he/she may go days without proper hygiene care causing another more health problems such as scabies or other bodily infections. In conclusion, homeless individuals have the human and legal skilful to access public information and health services provided to every other human being. It is the writers opinion that a portion of the appraise payers dollar should be spent to provide health insurance and health care to those that are homeless to a reliable extent.The writer believes that each homeless individual should receive an annual medical examination that includes mental, dental and physical services. For those taxpayers who make above a certain income set forth should be required to pay more of a percentage of services needed after the initial appointment. The writer believes that homeless individuals deserve the aforementioned(prenominal) amount of care as those who are not homeless deserve. Health issues in the homeless community are ones that can be figure out with constant interventions and involvement at the community level.

Higher Education and the American Dream: Success and Its Discontents Essay

Is College necessity?Introduction It is true that a college may favor or non favor some victims. This means that it is not an assurance if you complete your college train you get a white collar job. This is not the case. However, it will await on how champion takes his/her time to associate with working class soulfulness and also to give voluntary service to the companies and government corporation. According to bread crapr it is very beta for the child to attend basic culture in the age of six years, he says that the child during this age is being vigilant psychologically on how to move on to the next academic level. Additionally, bread maker brings out another crucial sense why it is important to go to the college after graduating the high school. Baker says that colleges are preparing a student not only to get well-paying job but also, on how as a student one potbelly business oriented person. Very important issue here is that a college graduate student can be compared with primary or high school student in hurt of thinking capacity. College is not worth some time for some people. meat that in a society some people tend to slang very little education but, their way of living is luxurious. However, this will expect on ones fortune. Another factor that might make people look down to the college is family background(Charles chpt8). Some families are very fat such(prenominal) that they do not push their kids to go for further studies but, sooner after completing their high school education they are attached capital to start their own business or even they acquire some of their family business. So, college may not be very important to such people because the aim of loss for higher education is only to concur good living standards. Therefore, if one gets a good amount of dollars that can sustain him/her then there is no need to go to college. In the past century, education was not highly valued in galore(postnominal) countries. This was becaus e many people had inherited big wealth from their forefathers. Therefore, they tend to regard on those properties for their upkeep, unlike this 21st century where is only depends on how one struggles to be able to sustain himself. In the past century, engineering science had not improved like the this century thus people had limited imagination in education, for instance, less developed countries(Lazerson chpt12). Hence, the aim of going to colleges was not there. However, going to college to further studies is a great idea in mark to adjoin knowledge and be conversant with the current trend on technology that is not taught in primary and high school level.In conclusion, college education is very important to the graduates. It is observed that graduates are not enrolled to colleges in order to secure themselves or to go for well-paying job, but they do so in order to be civilized. They are also equipped with knowledge that helps them to stick out their own business. In fact, co llege education has a lot of benefits. Finally, it is wise to be a college graduate rather than having basic education (primary and high school).ReferencesLazerson, Marvin. high Education and the American Dream Success and Its Discontents. Budapest Central European University Press, edited 2014.print.McGuire, Charles, Diana Abitz, and Patrick Dobson. The Best Advice Ever for Teachers. Kansas City Andrews McMeel Pub, edited 2014. Internet resource. root word document

Bartolomé de Las Casas Human Rights Missionary

Bartolome de Las Casas was iodine of the pioneers and a champion of man rights in the or so critical period of history. The context of his presence needs a deeper understanding. The Spanish Inquisition or the Crusades were justified as a sanction disposed(p) by God. The natives were seen as uncivilized beings and the completely way to tame them was by using brutal force.The genocide of the natives by the Spanish Inquisition resulted in many tribes erased without a trace. The natives referred by Bartolome da Las Casas were only to name a few.The significance of Las Casas was his ability to push the law and have many stale authorities removed from the Council. Under much(prenominal) pretext, it would be cheating(prenominal) to practise modern day judgment to criticize Las Casas. This paper establishes that Las Casas, given his judgment of conviction that he lived in and the kind of family that he was raised in, was justified in his manner of referencing to the natives. The g round has not become a better federal agency and our modern understanding of humanity rights and the violation of human rights, at least(prenominal) as expressed by the UN stems from the views of Las Casas.The historical context explicitly implies that Las Casa himself was from an hurrying class family who then later had the power to negotiate in favour of the natives. Las Casas was himself sharp with Juanico, a Taino youth for a servant when he was a little boy. So for a man of his stature who belonged and had the luxury of the oppressor, was ordain and believed he could stop the evil. He had the ear of the courts who were the stopping point makers. Although his supplications were met with heavy criticism, he was determined to stop the brutality towards the natives.As far as the wealth was brought in, and exhibited in Spain from the New World, flock were d stark nakedn towards it and were completely blind to the atrocities committed by them, and to make things worse, they were all done in the name of religion. Under such pretext who would have been a better person to condemn than a seminarian. The setting is a world where the masses are mesmerized by wealth and are willing to do anything to get their hands on it. This very thought and behavior is against the very religious belief that the colonizers effective to massacre the natives.Hence it is understandable if Las Casas is isolated in terms of being the only person who despite his disposition took the risk of condemning and putting his avow life on the line to speak for the voiceless. Over and over the pose of Las Casas is foc utilize only on his description of the natives, whose plight is all the much pitiful, be catch of the brutal behavior of the colonizers. When he is describing the natives as gentle beings, it highlights their state of weakness in comparison to the beastly behavior of the colonizers.God has created all these numberless people to be quite the simplest, without malice or du plicity, most obedient, most crease to their natural Lords, and to the Christians, whom they serve the most humble, most patient, most peaceful and calm, without discordance nor tumults not wrangling, nor querulous, as free from uproar, hate and desire of revenge as any in the world. . . . From a seminarian perspective, the natives are the humble sheep have of Christian virtues and the sinners are the Christian colonizers. The description of the natives is in stark channel to the description of the colonizers.The Christians, with their horses and swords and lances, began to slaughter and practice strange cruelty among them. They penetrated into the country and spared incomplete children nor the aged, nor pregnant women, nor those in child labour, all of whom they ran through the body and lacerated, as though they were assaulting so many lambs herded in their sheepfold. Hence Las Casas urge to effect up the cause of the voiceless natives to the highest authority possible, the r oyalty, portrays him as a humanistic by nature and an un-ordained advocate of human rights.It is true that he suggested to contain slaves from Africa as opposed to making slaves of the natives, but he later repented when he saw that the treatment of the slaves were just as bad. He later regretted when he had to witness the cold blooded violence that the Africans were subjected to, and repented. Though his repentance had no impact on the brutal nature of the colonizers, he is the only one of his time publically known to have repented without himself having inflicted any pain on any human being. The rest of the inquisitors took pride in what they did.In a world where the natives and Africans were seen as deformed or incomplete or uncivilized human beings, Las Casas addresses them as people. Bartolome de Las Casas reports first hand of the cruelty in its raw graphic nature to evoke sympathy in the eyes of the decision makers. For most part colonizers have been successful in erasing t he past of the colonise but Las Casas did not let that happen. It is his record of what he witnessed that makes a momentous mile stone in the history of human rights.Among these gentle sheep, gifted by their Maker with the above qualities, the Spaniards entered as currently as soon as they knew them, like wolves, tiger and lions which had been starving for many days, and since forty days they have done nothing else nor do they afflict, torment, and destroy them with strange and new, and divers(prenominal) kinds of cruelty, never before seen, nor heard of, nor read of. . . . . The Language used to tell the native is a surface level issue given the circumstance that Las Casas was an ordained priest and a colonist. But he set himself up as an example by denouncing encomienda.He also suggested peaceful co-existence between colonists and the natives which was employ and successful until the colonizers could not refrain from provoking the natives. Hence it is completely unfair to ov erlook all of Bartolome de Las Casas efforts towards safeguarding natives over words that depict them as low-level to the Europeans. Had Las Casas not spoken for them, more people would have fallen victims to the genocide. It is not the language but the content of the text that should be the focus, since it is filled with favor and evokes sympathy through the painful description of torture.Also, his life was constantly under threat yet he was willing to walk the line for the cause he believed in, until the massacre stopped. Bartolome de Las Casas, can be isolated for his efforts to stop human rights violation but not to be judged over the language he used. He could be given the benefit of doubt that he used humble descriptions to invoke sympathy from a prejudiced court. Works Cited American Taino, Commentary from the perspective of a American Latino. http//americantaino. blogspot. com/2007/10/bartolom-de-las-casas-witness-to-evil. html

Elizabeth receives three proposals of marriage in Pride and Prejudice Essay

The basic sentence of the allegory Pride and preconceived judicial decision states, It is the truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife. This clearly demonstrates how important uniting was in the Victorian age and to the white avens girls. Using this as the for the first time sentence of the refreshing reinforces the theme of marriage from the very start. The plot of Pride and Prejudice is centred on four kinships with all of these resulting in marriage.The first relationship was amongst Charlotte Lucus and Mr collins which resulted in a marriage of convenience as neither political party showed any affection and thought of marriage as merely a contract that would help both sides. The imprimatur couple was Miss Lydia Bennet and Mr Wickham. In the novel Lydia and Wickham eloped and ran off to London. Mr Wickham was paid by Mr Darcy to marry Lydia. The threesome was between Miss Jane Bennet and Mr Bingly whi ch was a relationship of true get along. The relationship encountered many ups and downs barely eventually true hit the hay triumphed. The fourth was between Mr Darcy and Miss Lizzy Bennet. This was an unusual couple as they came from very different classes in Victorian society and their marriage very nearly did not happen. This marriage was based on spang.The Bennet girls had limited options in life. The first was to hail married and love honour and obey their husband. The second was to become a red periwinkle and live off her male relatives. To be a spinster you were imagineed as a social discovercast in society. The third gear was to be a governess. To get married was seen to be by far the outgo option for women in the Victorian age. Women had few rights.The Bennet girls had the unfortunate happenstance of being five girls in their family. This meant that they would however get down a keen dowry, as all money had to be split five ways. superfluous pressure was moun ted on the Bennet girls shoulders through Mr collins. If Mr Bingly died the Bennet girls would countenance been thrown out of Longbourn in favour of Mr collins as their signboardhold was entitled to heirs male.Miss Elizabeth Bennet is the heroine of the novel. Elizabeth has several character traits, which take on it somewhat less difficult for her to refuse her first intention from Mr Collins. These allow her perceptiveness, which enabled her to easily manipulate Mr Collins. Lizzy is very witty and we know this because it says in the schoolbook that, She has more of a quickness than her sisters. In the last paragraph of the proposal scene we see that Lizzy puts an emphasis on the personal pronouns we and I. This shows that she is as uplifted and self interested as Mr Collins. However, Elizabeth lacks self-awareness she is proud and prejudiced. Elizabeth wants to be seen as an intelligent, educated woman. She wants a marriage precisely only if it is based on love. She will not settle for merely a business arrangement.The novel of Pride and Prejudice has two comedy climaxes and both have connections with Mr Collins. The first is Mr Collins proposal. Elizabeth is genuinely shocked and embarrassed by this proposal. She nearly bursts out laughing when he says that he was Run away with by my feelings. mode is achieved by Mr Collins manner as Austen satirises the role of a tralatitious clergyman. For example, he is supposed to put others first yet through the first paragraph of the proposal he uses the personal pronouns I, me and my thirteen times. Elizabeth is clearly affronted by the fact that Mr Collins believes that he is dong her and her family a value by making his proposal of marriage. He believes that Elizabeth and her family should regard him as an exceedingly good catch.Elizabeth, however, with her strong intellect does not regard Mr Collins as her equal or as her superior. She can hardly finish her fury when she replies sarcastically, I am v ery sensitive of the honour of your proposals but it is impossible for me to do otherwise other than to dec var. them. Her temper rises when Mr Collins persists with his proposal as he believes it is customary for prospective brides to reject a proposal a second or even a third time.Elizabeth, in exasperation, does her utmost to convince Mr Collins that marriage to him is solely out of the question, I am perfectly serious in my proposal. You could not confuse me happy. This is the basis of Elizabeths refusal she wants a marriage based on love and respect which will lead to happiness. She regards Mr Collins as below her in intellect and sensitivity. In her eyes, he is a pompous muggins with an over-inflated sense of importance. She does not love or respect him. She feels that she would be flexile herself by accepting him his proposal and she is totally frustrated by his seeming in ability to accept her refusal.In this proposal we see that there is a character contrast between Elizabeth and Mr Collins. Mr Collins obeys orders. He admits that to Elizabeth he is following doll Catherine de Bourghs instruction to marry when he says, It is the finical advice and recommendation of a original noble lady whom I have the honour of calling patroness. Lizzy, however, will not be swayed by the opinion of others whatever their social status. During his proposal Mr Collins reminds Lizzy that he is, To inherit this res publica after the death of your honoured father. This shows Mr Collins lack of understanding of Lizzys love for her father. This is juxtaposition between the theme of love and marriage and the death of Mr Bennet. This is very amusing for the reader.The second proposal that Elizabeth receives is from Mr Darcy. The title of this novel, Pride and Prejudice is a metaphor for Elizabeths relationship with Mr Darcy. Mr Darcy is seen by Elizabeth to be too proud. Mr Darcy is a lot further up the social strata than the Bennet family. He thinks that he would be degrading himself to marry her. He really believed, that were it not for the lower rank of her connections, he should be in some danger. Elizabeth is prejudiced over against Darcy. Elizabeth has been fooled by Mr Wickhams stories of Mr Darcy. Elizabeth believes that after the death of the late Mr Darcy, Mr Darcy threw Mr Wickham out of his fathers house and failed to adhere to his auspicate of a family living. However later on in the novel this is confirmed to be not the case.Through the plot line we see how Austen has created hostility between Mr Darcy and Elizabeth. At their first meeting, Mr Darcy does not please himself to Elizabeth and her family because of his superior attitude. He says of Elizabeth, She is tolerable but not handsome tolerable to tempt me. This dislike of Mr Darcy is change magnitude through his interference in the relationship between Jane and Mr Bingly. He admits to Elizabeth that I did anything in my power to separate my lifter from your sister.E lizabeth was very astounded by Mr Darcys first proposal. Her prejudice against him increased due to the manner in which he made this proposal. He explained to her how she had struggled with himself but was unable to stop himself from telling her, how ardently I admire and love you. However, Mr Darcy made the mistake of dwelling on what he perceived Elizabeths inferiority. Elizabeth could see that, like Mr Collins, Mr Darcy expected her to accept his proposal and it had not pass his mind that she would do otherwise.Elizabeths anger increases because she can see that Darcy arrogantly assumes that she will marry him. Elizabeth felt herself growing more angry every moment. He openly tells her that he has tried to quell his feelings for her because a marriage to her would be degrading. This high-handedness and sense of superiority and pride infuriates Elizabeth. Although she is flattered by his proposals, her prejudices make it impossible for her to accept it. She does not want to be s een as a charity case. Also, she does not want to be seen to condone what she perceives to be his ungentlemanly past behaviour towards Mr Wickham and her sister. She declares that from the very beginning she despised his arrogance, conceit and selfish disdain of the feelings of others.The third proposal that Elizabeth received was again from Mr Darcy. However, by this time Elizabeth has heard the truth some Mr Wickham and his atrocious behaviour. Her regard for Mr Darcy has grown through her understanding of the part that he played in resolving the problems with Lydias elopement and eventual marriage to Mr Wichkam. At the time of the second proposal Elizabeths prejudices against Mr Darcy have disappeared. Indeed she cannot wait to express her thank for the part that he played in helping Lydia and ultimately her family. However, Mr Darcy tells Elizabeth that her family owe him nothing and he only cares about her.On her return to London, Lady Catherine De Burgh called on Mr Darcy to obtain the promise from Mr Darcy which she had not got from Elizabeth. She told him of her visit to Longbourn and her conversation with Elizabeth and how she had refused to promise that she would not accept a marriage proposal from Mr Darcy.The effect of her visit, had been exactly contrariwiseIt taught me to hopeI knew enough of your disposition to be certain that had you been absolutely irrevocably decided against me you would have acknowledged it to Lady Catherine honestly and openly. He humbles himself when he openly, for the second time, declares his love for Elizabeth and openly outlines his inferior traits. He confirms that he has been a selfish being all his life. He as an only child her was spoilt and not taught to control his temper. He also says admits that he was almost taught to be selfish and overbearing, to care for no-one beyond my own family circle. He tells Elizabeth that that it is she who has brought him humility.In my opinion it was not only Elizabeth who was p rejudiced but Darcy too as he is prejudiced about her place in the social hierarchy. It is also not only Darcy who is proud but Elizabeth is too. She will not lower her standards and complies with the conventions of the day by go for to marry just to please her mother or other members of society. She is opinionated to hold out against all the odds and marry only for love. At the end of the novel Elizabeth achieves her goal of marrying someone who will truly make her happy. This could be seen as a reflection of Jane Austens view on marriage, that is, that a good marriage is one that is based on love and mutual respect. Do anything rather than marry without affection.

Ibm Human Resources

1. instauration IBM is one of the or so succeederful technology and consulting companies in the world. In 2012, its cross out name is in second d vigorousing ho practice session in multinational bulls eye equity rankings, full roll in the hay Coca Cola. With its 433,362 employees it is in operation(p) in one hundred s veritable(a)ty countries and open to generate gain ground of $15. 85 cardinal per year. The association itself has been founded in 1911 trough a merger of three technology companies. In 1924, the claimers name was changed to International Business Machines, abbreviated to IBM.Initi altogethery, the swell up-disposed club was intermeshed in tabulating equipment and data management and later on was able occasion a strong market position in the computer and semiconductor point of intersectionion. The IBM PC, introduced in 1981, was one of the caller-outs major(ip) succeederes. In the 1990s, however, the enterprisingness experienced stagnating ear nings from its operations and then true a transformation strategy. From 2000 onwards, IBM changed its argumentation nonplus towards technology inspection and repairs and consulting. This switch over has enab take IBM to happen upon a rise of EPS from $3. 32 to $13. 44 in 2011.Simultaneously to this strategical conjure, IBM has alike changed its international structure and roleplayd from a multinational to an integrated enterprise, thereby parsimony $6 billion. This paper forget analyze the HRM implications of this strategic shift. For this purpose, it result archetypical elaborate on the business model and the strategic concenter of the connection. Second, it result consider the strategic HRM focus and the general intent that IBM has certain for its men. Third, it get out out controversy a variety of HRM practices in the fields of k in a flash guidege management, earnings and HRM in force(p)ness. . IBM Business Model 2. 1 Customer hatful Proposition At th e result of its business stands IBMs desire to help lymph glands to wrench to a greater extent(prenominal) innovative, efficient and competitive with the application of business insights and IT etymons (10 K-filing 2011). The come withs regular leaf nodeele principal(prenominal)ly in mergeds of institutions, both in the commercial as well as in the governmental and educational sector. IBM forwarders hardw be, packet and assist integrated solutions (KM Worlds, 2011) that support the client to deepen the experience about his business through the smart use of information technology.This familiarity enhancement becomes ramble by reducing the operational costs and presenting further revenue opportunities for the client on the one hand, and ensuring superior financial results to IBMs shargonholders on the whatever otherwise hand. 2. 2 Key Resources In general, IBMs key elections consist of intangible assets sort of than tangible fruits, soures or manufacturing cap abilities. Its human capital pool and look for and maturatement capabilities merchant ship be considered as the by far most definitive of these intangible assets.Concerning the human capital pool, IBM employs 433,362 high-skilled peck, thereby macrocosm the worlds second largest employer, behind Wal-Mart Stores (2,200,000) and even before McDonalds (420,000) and Hewlett-Packard (349,000) (Fortune, 2011). IBMs manpower has steadily rectifyr in modern years with reaping rates of 6,8% in 2010 and 1,5% in 2011 and the faithful invests flyingly in the exploitation and hire of its workforce. Since 2002, it has paid over $ one hundred billion in non-salary benefits to its employees.However, in the go overing years, crowd sourcing could lead to IBM drastically downsizing its workforce and utilizing subcontractors for the work currently performed inwardly IBM. Its permanent workforce could shrink by more than 75% of its current state as a result of the HR transformation process. IBMs second major assets atomic trope 18 its R capabilities. Alone since the year 2000, IBM has invested $70 billion into research and flummoxment and has created 10 global research labs. These major investments paid off in 47,000 patents that IBM could generate within the last 10 years.Roughly 70% of these patents were issued for IBMs softw are and operate. For the major linchpins of its current 2015 strategy, Business Analytics and Cloud, IBM employs 400 and c0 researchers respectively. The IBM computer Watson, a learning dust generating answers in normal language, is one of the major breakthroughs of IBMs R investments. Further, research and using was conducted in the field of na nonechnology, systems, analytics as well as the cloud. In general, R investments are concentrated around high- care for, high-growth opportunities in stray to sustain IBMs technology leadership position.Not only enable the R&D invests IBM to accumulate a great amount of knowledge about state-of-the-art technology and define in the raw technology due to its history, it alike holds ample knowledge about storage capacities, computing power and semiconductors, as IBMs business was formerly centered on computer production. Furthermore, since its foundation in 1911, IBM has created unique relationships with its clients and knowledge of the markets and has therefore gained strength in the field of sales and Distri unlession.This strength exhibits all characteristics that a resource unavoidablenesss to leave alone a sustainable competitive advantage They are precious, rare and costly to replicate due to high path dependency. IBM operates in 170 countries with the G7 countries and a publication of developed countries as its major markets. IBMs brand name is as well as a major asset of the comp whatever. In current reveals, IBM ranks second just behind Coca Cola and possesses aggregated brand equity of $69. 905 billion in 2011. This strong brand equity tolerat es to the relationship and the trust clients claim towards IBM. . 3 Key Processes IBM utilizes the above-mentioned assets to operate in five segments, to wit the Global applied science Services (GTS), Global Business Services (GBS), parcel, Systems and technology (ST) and Global Financing (GF). The GTS fragment deals with providing IT infrastructure go along quadruple major dimensions, namely strategic outsourcing go, Global Process Services, Integrated engineering science Services and Maintenance. These run range from consulting on IT projects to the development of a empty IT infrastructure for a company.Within the GBS naval division, IBM employs the IBM software in order to consult its clients in strategy, process and technology questions. It entails a broad range of services, from Strategy & channel over Supply Chain Management, Customer Relationship Management to IT-services. By oblation such a huge product portfolio, IBM is able to adopt the complete value chain of its clients and provide all-integrated services for them. Whereas the former division deals with the applicability of the software, the Software Division itself is devoted to the development and writing of the IBM software.Particularly in this field, IBM employs its complete human capital and R&D capabilities, formerly explained chthonian the key resources. The salient(ip) software that enables IBMs clients to integrate processes, communication and logistics within their companies are Lotus Software, Rational Software, Tivoli Software and Security System Software. The Systems and technology division takes advantages of IBMs knowledge about computing power and provides clients with the prospect to employ huge storage capabilities and computing power. Similarly, it assists clients with the latest semiconductor technology, product and packaging solutions.In contrast to the other four segments, the Global Financing division is non engaged in primary software development and clie nt consulting, but kinda acts as IBMs bank. It offers financial instruments to the solids clients to palliate the purchase and licensing fees for IBMs products. alike these segments and on the operations side, IBM uses its R&D capabilities to identify sore market trends and continuously innovate. To support innovation, IBM heavily engages in the acquisition of companies that possess unique technological skills. In 2011 alone, the company paid $1. billion for acquisition and plans to expand its acquisition to a count amount of $20 billion by 2015. What can be considered as one of the major efforts of the last year is the vertical and horizontal consolidation of IBMs operations. These efforts are part of the enterprise transformation strategy aiming to ingest IBM the premier globally integrated company. For the vertical integration, the company attempts to control the consentient value chain of its product. It has therefore invested in advanced semiconductor manufacturing in Fishkill, parvenu(a) York, and a global delivery centre in Columbia, Missouri.Roughly $35 billion are spend through the supply chain in an effort to procure materials and services globally. For the horizontal integration, IBM currently integrates its nationally break up units and has run intod gains of $6 billion over the last years through annexd productivity. 2. 4 Profit Formula The profit IBM is extracting from its operations can be considered along three dimensions, namely along the segments, the actual products and the markets. Concerning the segments, Software, although non the biggest revenue driver (23,49% of count revenue), generates $14. 07 billion of profit margin and thereby accounts for 43,68% of the companys profit. The reason is its high margin of 88,5%. GTS, Systems and Technology and GBS are following with 28,31%, 14,95% and 10,99% respectively. Global Financing falls behind and only constitutes 2,07% of profits. Value is created to the client through hardwa re/financing, services and Software at IBM. everyplace the last decade, Hardware/Financing has sharply lost importance and at once only accounts for 16% of segment profit ($3. 6 billion) compared to 41% for services ($9. 3 billion) and 44% for software ($10. 0 billion).The traditional G7 countries and other developed countries are still the most important revenue and profit drivers. New growth markets currently account for only 22% of geographic revenue. However, the bundle is rising and is expected to be 30% by 2015. In name of overall profit growth, the growth markets ($1. 9 billion) namely BRIC countries, but also Africa and Latin America are only close behind the major markets ($2. 2 billion). To sum it up, software sales and licensing as well as operations in the major markets are the greatest profit drivers with the growth markets steadily adjoin. . 5 Challenges and Opportunities Before IBM engaged in its transformation in 2000, it had chiefly foc utilise on computer an d semiconductor production. Business and Technology services only constituted a minor part of the strategy. Since 2000, the company has sharply expanded its technology services and nowadays manikins its business model around these services. In 2011, 85% of its pretax income came from software and services compared to 65% in 2000. Especially in recent years, a significant amount of new technologies has evolved.Cloud Computing, Information Management Systems and Open Source are only virtually(a) examples of these new trends. As IBM fundamentally relies on anticipating trends and utilizing newest technology to deliver value to its clients, these trends exposes IBM to unique opportunities and challenges in adopting them. Simultaneously, the major G8 countries, which were and currently are IBMs main revenue drivers, withstand stagnated in the last years. In contrast, nearly 40 growing countries grew at double-digit numerates in recent years.These emerging markets will be responsible for 60% of global GDP growth in the upcoming years. But non only do the BRIC countries account for this number, but other emerging markets as well. IBM estimates that 60% of growth markets revenue is acquire outside the BRIC countries. As these countries are still at the elementary form of their technology revolution, they become opportunities for technology companies currently operating in mature markets. 2. 6 Strategy In effort to address these challenges, IBM has developed a four-pillar strategy laid down in its 2015 roadmap.The first three pillars nominate to new technology trends that IBM is responding to, namely Cloud Computing, Business Analytics and Smarter Planet. The Cloud refers to IBMs engagement in creating the enterprise cloud. scarcely from 2010 to 2011, it has been able to more than multiply its cloud revenue. Currently, 1 million enterprise users are active in the cloud, enabling IBM to analyze $100 billion in commerce motion each year. Similarly, business an alytics enable the clients to analyze and mine data and realize relationships concerning their respective customers preference and patients outcome.Almost 9000 consultants are employed by IBM to deliver a revenue increase of 16% from 2010 to 2011. Whereas the former two services are targeted at commercial clients, Smarter Planet enables governmental institutions to operate more efficiently. IBM classifies these services as the infusion of digital intelligence into the worlds systems ( annual report IBM, 2011). In 2000 cities, the company is engaged in developing Smarter Law Enforcements, Smarter wet and Sewer Systems and Smarter Transportation, as well as further services.Also in this segment, IBM is coverage a rapid growth of almost 50% compared to 2010. The last pillar of the strategy addresses the emerging markets. In 2012, IBM operates in 170 countries. The emerging countries are becoming increasingly important and currently contribute 22% to its geographic revenue. Until 2015 , the company aims to increase this percentage to 30% and has latterly invested in 100 of these new markets, among them China, Brazil and Africa. 3. Strategic International Human Resource ManagementFor some time now, IBM is undergoing a transition from a multinational druthers to a globally integrated faceal structure. In the old model, every coarse unit followed its own policies, procedures and processes. Thus, high inefficiency and redundancy was present in the organization. In 2003, Randy MacDonald, the senior vice president of human resources at IBM, and surface-to-air missile Palmisano, IBMs CEO at the time, recognized the need to shift from a product to a process driven organisational model, and thus become more globally integrated.This shift became necessary because the organization had to react to the increasing globalization of its supply chain. This change in the companys orientation also implies a change in the importance of the firms HR function and the role of strat egic international HRM (SIHRM). Taylor, Beechler, and Napier (1996) define SIHRM as the general philosophy or commence taken by carrousel management of the MNC in the design of its overall IHRM approach. Therefore, IBM had to deliver certainly there was a good fit of the firms new strategy with its overall goals. Taylor et al. 1996) pointed out the tension that exists in strategic international HRM between the concepts of integration and differentiation. Integration is described as the need for interunit linkages, which implies some form of overall company strategy that unites all individual countrified units. Differentiation on the other hand is necessary for successfully operating in the topical anaesthetic environment, thus it means adapting the product or service to the specific local needs and requirements. Taylor et al. (1996) identified three generic orientations, which they call the adaptive, exportive, and collective orientations.A company that focuses on the adaptiv e moot is emphasizing the need to differentiate, and therefore tries to adapt to the local environment. There is little or no interunit qualify of ideas on HRM policies and practices, so the units work preferably autonomous. The second approach is exportive, which means that the parent company transfers the parent firms HRM system to all its affiliates, which leads to high internal consistency. The integrative orientation is a combination of both the adaptive and the exportive soak up, and thus tries to balance the dual need for integration and differentiation.IBM initially believed that the firms HRM practices are context generalizable, and followed a rather exportive orientation in the past. However, the shift from a product to a process view and the increasing need for global integration also ask changing the firms orientation in order to build an integrative SIHRM model. The new objective of the HR subdivision therefore was to place business functions where they are trum p located and allocate the refine passel to the right job at the right time. The broadcast that is supposed to facilitate this process is called the IBM Workforce Management Initiative (WMI).The aim is to build a HR and talent management system that will enable the effective and smooth management of human resources across the various business units (IBM fibre Study, 2010). Randy MacDonald started the HR reorganization process by separating core from noncore, foul office tasks (IBM website, 2010). The idea behind this process was to enable HR professionals to focus on core activities that are value adding for the business, such as scheming policy and internal business consulting. The noncore administrative services are now being performed by the IBM Managed Business Process Services (MBPS).This centralization helped to create a global system that enables IBM to manage international projects globally and allows the HR department to implement changes throughout the organization mu ch quicker and more homogeneously than it was possible in the past. Nowadays, country and regional HR managers at IBM both work together in order to adapt to local needs, while still keeping it in broth with the overall company strategy. On the other hand, administrative roles are standardized and are being done by global employee service centers, which is also more recyclable for managing international subsidizations and employee records.This way, HR professionals are able to focus on core activities such as talent management and are able to make use of synergies by exchanging ideas on best practices throughout the organization. Farndale et al. (2010) have analyze the various structures and roles of HR departments in multinational corporations through the use of racing shell studies on 16 MNCs, amongst which has also been IBM. The researchers describe IBMs transition from a HQ-dependent to a more interdependent transnational orientation (Farndale et al. , 2010), which is in lin e with the integrative orientation described by Taylor et al. (1996).Interdependence as a sundry(a) approach is a much more complex relationship than the comminuted models of independence or dependence on the firms headquarter, and therefore formal control mechanisms become less useful. The researchers suggest the use of unceremonial mechanism, for example the creation of a strong company culture and company-wide knowledge management. IBM recognized the need for more integration and interdependence, and starts to give more indecorum to local businesses and therefore more possibilities to adapt to local needs. Rather than self-aggrandising orders that have to be obeyed, the parent companys HR department develops broader principles.The local units then are able to apply these guidelines, as they rate right. 4. Blueprint Among the several blueprints Baron and Hannan (2002) propose, in the opinion of the authors of this article, IBM used to follow a loyalty blueprint until around 2000, primarily because of its focus on attracting people based on their face-to-face belonging and identification with the company. IBM selected people based on determine and cultural fit and has been known as a place that was committed to its employees. It has been awarded as one of the best companies for workingwomen and used to have a no layoff policy until the 21st century (Boudreau, 2010).IBM was able to build a reputation as an employer with enlightened human resource practices and was therefore able to attract talented young people with the right fit between personal and organizational values. The shift from a product based company to a solution based company in the year 2000, however, also forced IBM to change its HRM blueprint to the star blueprint in order to be more in line with the new direction and strategy of the company. Among other things, the proposal to inflict IBMs workforce by 299,000 workers do clear that a commitment blueprint is non feasible anymore.Even though IBM plans to re-hire those workers as partners, a committed workforce as it used to be cannot be expected in the future. IBM now focuses on attracting the most talented workers with long-term potential, that can be trained and developed to current and future needs (Boudreau, 2010). Moreover, due to IBMs consultancy work, IBM provides challenging and enkindle work for its current and prospective employees. All these findings are in line with the star blueprint proposed by Baron and Hannan (2002).Despite the fact, that changing the blueprint of a company is accompanied by a negative effect on organizational performance (Baron & Hannan, 2002). Earnings per share rose sharply afterwards the change in IBMs blueprint. Moreover, financial performance and pre tax income increased from 2000 until 2010 (IBM, 2011). All in all, it is levelheaded to say that IBM successfully changed its blueprint from commitment to star. 5. Knowledge Management at IBM It becomes obvious from the ab ove discussion that IBM critically relies on its human capital pool and its research and development capabilities.In order to exploit these intangible assets, knowledge management is essential to the companys success. IBM requires true enterprise-wide knowledge exchange and collaboration, as KMWorlds puts it, one of the most advanced evaluators of corporate knowledge management. In 2005, IBM has been awarded the KMWorlds reality legal injury for its efforts towards knowledge management since 1994. Parallel to Hansen et al. (2005), IBMs efforts towards knowledge management will be considered along two lines within-team networks and intersubsidiary networks.Concerning the first aspect, the company has launched a number of tools and collaboration platforms that enable teams to effectively cooperate and exchange knowledge. Among the most salient of these initiatives are the Collaboration Central, Bluepages and Xtreme supplement. Whereas Collaboration Central is a company-wide portal providing foreign teams with currently 50,000 online team rooms to share information and work collaboratively, Xtreme leverage is a tool providing software sellers with access to intellectual capital, expertise locations and confederation facilities for IBMs global software brand.Concerning intersubsidiary networks (ISN), KnowledgeView, the worldwide asset Reuse Program, Bluepages and Jams are excellent examples of IBMs knowledge management. To provide a summary of these tools, KnowledgeView is a knowledge- overlap centre targeting Business Consulting Services and enables exchange of information and experience among all consulting units. In contrast to the general nature of the information, specific business success stories are entered into the worldwide asset Reuse Program and are accessible to all employees.Bluepages offer an opportunity to search for personal profiles throughout the company supporting the employees to find a group of experts to work on a specific business solu tion. Lastly, Jams aggregates information on specific business topics. Besides these major initiatives, IBM has heavily invested into wikis, called QED wiki, and Dogear, a social bookmarking system. All these ISNs increase the knowledge sought (Hansen et al. , 2005) by employees at IBM.Similarly, the opportunity not only to exchange explicit, but also tacit knowledge through personal meetings enabled by Bluepages sharply decreased knowledge transfer costs (Hansen et al. ). To arrange all these networks, the enterprise has established IBM collaboration and knowledge. This department led by Karen Ughetta consists of 10 employees continuously aiming to find new ways, in which knowledge can be transferred within the company. Collins et al. (2006) argue that such efforts improve the social climate of a company and via increased knowledge exchange and collaboration lead to superior financial results.These argumentations seem appropriate when considering IBM. Only to provide some examples , the Worldwide Asset Reuse Program has led to $81 million in cost savings and a $63 million increase in asset revenue as well as a $2. 6 billion increase in service revenue. Xtreme leverage has enabled employees to reduce the finding time for experts from 1 week to 8 hours and therefore opportunity cost savings of $50 million. And KnowledgeViews lead to the speedy exchange of knowledge and consequently saved $42 million in opportunity costs. 6. Actions and Interest AlignmentThe concept of action co-occurrence is defined as the alignment of employee actions with the objectives of a firms strategy. Aligned actions therefore, are not part of the routine job, but rather the ability and capability to ensure the big picture of the company and its environment and contributing to the attainment of firm goals (Colvin & Boswell, 2007). To achieve action alignment, employees need to have the awareness of the firms strategic objectives and a shared mindset towards it. According to Colvin an d Boswell (2007), specific strategies need specific employee capabilities.IBM tries to achieve this by either hiring the right employees through assessment centers, talent forums or firm acquisitions or by nurture and developing existing employees to vex the capabilities call for to attain IBMs strategic goals. At IBM China, for example, learning and development consists of cross-cultural mentoring programs, individual development programs and management training. Moreover, IBM makes use of several online training programs, including a global campus, which gives employees the opportunity to choose among different online classes.In the year 2008, IBM spent about $1700 per employee to ensure that workers have all required capabilities (IBM. com, 2012). In concomitant to capabilities, employees also need to have the opportunity to apply their knowledge and capabilities (Colvin & Boswell, 2007). IBM achieves this by empowering employees and giving them a say with regard to value fo rmulation and feedback rounds. The Your IBM program is aimed at new employees and tries to spread the history, values and goals of IBM in order to create a shared mindset among all employees, ensuring that every employee has the opportunity to contribute to the firms well-being (IBM. om, 2012). However, without interest alignment, action alignment, in form of capabilities and opportunities, will not realize its full potential. Colvin and Boswell (2007) define interest alignment as the set of extraneous and intrinsic benefits that employees derive from their work and appointment. Extrinsic benefits mainly consist of compensation, but also include employment security and opportunities for career advancement. ingrained benefits, on the other hand, include the employees belief in the organizations strategy it is seeking to achieve.By reason of IBMs 100th anniversary, IBM recently issued a one-time equity grant to nearly 400,000 non-managerial employees to recognize the commitment of its workforce and therefore increase the extrinsic benefits of its employees (IBM. com, 2012). IBM also uses profit sacramental manduction and acquits bonuses to non-managerial employees. Software engineers and IT specialists derive around 3% of their total salary from profit sharing and bonuses. On the contrary, jobs like computer programmers and computer system analysts do not derive any compensation in form of profit sharing or bonuses except the one-time equity grant mentioned earlier.All those compensation in faces are in line with the reasoning of Colvin and Boswell (2007) about how to align employees interest with the organization. In plus to compensation, employment security is also part of the extrinsic benefits. Peacock (2010) notes that IBM wants to reduce its workforce from around 399,000 permanent employees to 100,000 by 2017 to complete their HR transformation. This move is grounded on IBMs overall transformation from a product-based firm to a solution-based firm, which requires more global flexibility (Boudreau, 2010).Even tough, IBM would re-hire the 299,000 workers as contractors, this still does not catch the same employment security as permanent employment. In this regard, IBM is not in line with the reasoning of Colvin and Boswell (2007) and would to some extent decrease the extrinsic benefits to employees. Contrary to that, Noe et al. (2010) state that employees these days know that companies cannot provide the same employment security they used to provide. Employees rather desire employability, i. e. they want the company to provide training and development to help ensure that they can find other employment opportunities in case of lay-offs.IBM training and development practices are tenacious with the concept of employability and it can be assumed that although IBM cannot ensure employment security, the training they offer gives their employees the security of employability. On top of compensation and employability, IBM offers wide arrays of medical benefits to its employees. These practices not only increase the extrinsic benefits, but also increase the intrinsic benefits in form of lifting IBMs image. Colvin and Boswell (2007) state that intrinsic benefits increase when employees perceive that the organization has an image, which reflects their own personal social identity.By promoting education in weak communities, by being environmental friendly and by offering health care plans to its employees, IBM does lots of things to ensure that its image is consistent with the social identity of its employees (IBM Corporate Responsibility Summary, 2010). All in all, based on the evidence in the discussion above, it is reasonable to assume that action alignment and interest alignment between IBM and its employees is rather high. The preceding discussion mainly describes the alignment between IBM and its non-executive employees.In the proceeding section, this paper now analyses the compensation package of IBMs executi ves with the help of Stroh et al. s (1996) determinants of variable pay. Stroh et al. found that managers in super programmable jobs will receive a lower proportion of their compensation in the form of variable pay than managers in less programmable jobs, whereas managers in extremely turbulent organizations will receive a higher proportion of their compensation in the firm of variable pay than managers in more inactive organizations.Moreover, there is evidence that managers in organizations with human resource policies that encourage long-term relationships will receive a smaller proportion of their salary in form of variable pay than managers in organizations without such policies. In the case of IBM, one can say that due to nearly 100 acquisitions made by IBM (IBM. com, 2012) and the turbulent environment IBM is operating in, organizational turbulence is rather high.Managers task programmability can be regarded as low since IBM offers most of its solution in form of consultanc y. Lastly, based on the fact that IBM wants to be more flexible and therefore needs to cut its workforce by 299,000 workers, it is reasonable to assume that IBM human resource policies do not encourage long-term relationships. Taken everything together, one would expect a large proportion of total managerial compensation to be variable in form of bonuses, profit sharing and stock-grants.Appendix 1 shows that in 2011, IBMs CEO and Chairman Palmisano have 92% of his total compensation in form of variable pay (29% annual incentives and 63% performance share) and IBMs Vice Presidents received 87% of their total compensation in form of variable pay (20% annual incentives and 67% performance share). Overall, this is consistent with the findings of Stroh et al. (1996). 7. The use of HR Measures and Indicators It is important for HR departments to track how effectively and efficiently their practices and programs have been implemented throughout the organization.This helps them to exempt their existence, since HR departments are increasingly expected to operate as a business within a business (Ulrich, Younger, & Brockbank, 2008). By measuring the shock absorber of HR practices, the firm is also able to recognize deficits and counteract them. The shift within the HR profession towards a focus on strategic HR also implies the assumption that certain HR practices have an wreak on overall firm performance (Huselid, Yackson, & Schuler, 1997), and therefore might even be a source of competitive advantage to the firm. Ulrich et al. 2008) recommend to not only base the evaluation on traditional measures such as the cost and benefits of certain activities, but instead to judge the performance of the HR activities based on the tinct they have on overall firm strategy. In recent years IBM has undergone a transformation from a traditional multinational enterprise to a more flexible and global structure, which IBM calls a globally integrated enterprise (GIE). The company ther efore needs to develop a diverse workforce with a global mindset, which is supported by common corporate values.For a GIE to be successful it is necessary to have a collaborative environment that takes multiple diverse views into account, as well as a less hierarchical and more flexible organizational structure. IBM does this by employing employees at all career stages and let them participate in the decision making process. An example of this employee involvement was a global online bone up, where the employees themselves discussed about the company culture and developed specific corporate values (IBM, 2010) as well as skills required to work successfully in a GIE.The HR team should identify some measures to determine the success of the implementation of this new corporate identity. It is important to assess the skill development and improvements in relevant employee competencies over time and measure improvements in employee satisfaction, which could be done through frequent and extensive employee feedback. The HR department also recognized that in order to put these new global skills and views into action, employees needed exposure to a wider range of global experiences (IBM, 2010). This would be especially valuable if it happens earlier in the careers.IBM developed a global mobility and international assignment framework, which offers specific programs and online tools to facilitate this globalization process. In order to assess the impact of this new framework, IBM should track the number of participants in these global experience projects, the number of available places for such projects, and the retention rate of former expatriates. Corporate HR departments frequently face the threat of the not-invented-here syndrome, as local units might tonus overwhelmed by orders from outside.In order to prevent this reluctance, the HR department at IBM has created an integrative approach that fits to the strategic HRM perspective the company has taken on in recent years. The HR department takes all sorts of sources into account, such as corporate HR professionals, regional managers and general staff members. 8. Conclusion In recent years IBM recognized the need to shift from a product view to a process oriented view, which includes a focus on providing services and solutions. This shift was necessary due to the increasing globalization and the stagnating computer market.The shift in IBMs business view also required a change in IBMs perception of its HR department. It is not nightlong seen as a mere department that supports business by penalise traditional HR tasks such as selection, training, and reward, but has become a strategic part of the company. IBM has moved from an international organizational structure to a globally integrated company, and the HR department successfully developed a framework that facilitates the collaboration of corporate as well as regional and country-based HR teams, in order to guarantee a consistent company cu lture and create a globally integrated enterprise.This point of view is also reflected by IBMs change from a commitment to a star blueprint. IBM now provides interesting and challenging work for its employees and is more pore on selecting talented employees with a long-term potential than on employees with the best values and cultural fit. IBMs HR department should make use of specific measures to track the effects that its operations have and justify any efforts with regard to creating a integrative, global workforce for the company in the future.

TED Tallk

In my opinion, all of the videos that I watched was very informatory and helpful for a person like me who is still not amply confident when speaking in public, engaging in arguments and when presenting a dissertation or a report. Honestly, Its hard to maintain confidence but sense of hearing those strategies on how to face and communicate with peck helps me to challenge myself more because I believe that if it doesnt challenge me, it wont change me. In other rowing, if it doesnt challenge me, it wont remediate me.The TEDtallk videos be very inspiring, most of them helped me realize that every one of us is a teacher. Whoever we meet/met has something to do in our lives that can teach and personate a big impact on us, especially with those stack who are more experienced, with those people who started as an ordinary people to embracing their uniqueness as an individual.I know Im not the only one who thinks that people who gives advices are the people who fall all over again, li fe knocked them fell so many times but they decided to get up and believes that they must scare their own fears. Why? Because we are bigger than our fears. face at them, standing in stage, speaking in front of thousands of people because they carry so much lessons that life taught them.This is not from TEDtalk videos but he is one of the best examples on how to embrace our own identity and individuality, his human body is Norman King an aeta who graduated from University of the Philippines Manila. I carry some of his words of wisdom in my daily life because I find it powerful and it enlightens me every day, that when you connect to his words you will feel and find the brain of dedicated and a hard-working man who have nothing to lose and who keeps engagement for their rights even though some of aetas have disregarded their culture.

Ap European History Summer Assignment 2012

Dustin Winski Jun 26th, 2012 AP Euro AP European History Summer Assignment 2012 why did administer and travel decline after the settle d avouch of capital of Italy? After the fall of Rome, with no government to supply protection or to keep the rads and connect repaired, travel became difficult and dangerous. This danger, coupled with ignorance and lack of desire to change the placement by the powerful lords, whose manors required little trade, led to the decline in travel and trade. Who was the first saintly romish emperor and how did he go far that title?After restoring Pope Leo III in Rome from which he had been driven by invaders, Charlemagne was crowned by the Poe as Emperor of the roman types. The Frankish Kingdom them became cognise as the Holy Roman imperium, a name that would remain until the Empire was dissolved by Napoleon in 1806. What is the difference between the Roman Empire and the Holy Roman Empire? The Holy Roman Empire was started by Charlemagne and was ce ntered in France. It was called the Holy Roman Empire due to the fact that the Pope crowned Charlemagne as the Emperor.What were the connections between The Holy Roman Empire and The Church? The Holy Roman Empire was an endeavor by the Catholic Church and Christian kings to resume in their own image the crumbled remains of the secular achievements of the ancient pagan Roman Empire. Define feudalisticism and describe the characteristics of its organization. Feudalism was similarly a fond and economics organization based on a series of reciprocal relationships. The king in theory owned the land which he give to lords who in return would give service, usually in the make for of military aid, to the king.The receiver of the land became a vassal, and these grants of land were known as fiefs. Sometimes these fiefs were larger than a lord could administer. So he, in turn, granted use of part of the land to lesser lords who pledged their service in return. This system continued on u ntil, at the lowest level, a buck administered only small feudal dry land. why were strong kings rare and commutation government generally missing to a lower place the feudal system? Kings under the feudal system generally had weak methods for gathering taxes and for ensuring their rule.For both(prenominal), since the Kings writ didnt sink directly through a country, they were often reliant on topical anesthetic governing mechanisms. In practice, that usually meant the splendor of the region involved, whose loyalty was to their own family and its privileges rather than to the monarchy. What were the benefits supposedly derived from the feudal system? Who benefited the close? Feudal manors provided both political and social organization. They also were individual economics units , nearly self-sufficing due to medieval warfare, the difficulties to travel, and the resultant lack of trade.The feudal estate have a manor-home, usually a fortified castle surrounded by protective w alls, belonging to the lord, surrounded by fields, herds and villages where serfs lived and worked. What was the importance of The Church and the Christian religion in the lives of the Europeans in the Middle Ages? Religion and the after-life became the focal insinuate of thought and living. The form of religion can also clearly be seen in the art, architecture, literature, and music of the time. This was most likely cause because life was so hard on earth, the peasants endured it concentrating on and longing for their reward in the after-life.How did the religious rite and sacraments of the Church establish a constant, ongoing relationship with its individual members? The believers of the Roman Catholic Church believed the seven sacraments kept an individual constantly affiliated to God and the Church from birth to death. The Church led the belief that champion could only get to heaven through good deeds and observant the sacraments. How did the Church us the powers of excommun ication and interdiction in maintaining its power? The opinion of excommunicating individuals kept people from observing the sacraments which gave them the ability to enter heaven.Also, whole geographical areas could be punished through interdiction which prohibited the performance of either of the sacraments in that district. This made the Church more than organized than any otherwise political state in Europe. How was Education, learning and knowledge of Europe maintain during the lowest point of the Middle Ages, the so-called Dark Ages? Education was secured by the people being put into strict division of social coteriees most nonably the Church, peasants, and the middle class. What was the dominant philosophy of the Middle Ages called? Who was its most step forwardstanding spokesman?What were its raw material beliefs, and how did the philosophy view life and understanding? The dominant philosophy of the new-fangled Middle Ages was best articulated by St. Thomas Aquin as and known as scholasticism. Who belonged to all(prenominal) of the three estates of medieval European monastic order and what was the primary feather duty of a member of each estate? How was this different from the social classes in modern society? The first of the estates were compose of the Church. The main utilisation for this estate would be to claim the authority of God. The second estate consisted of the nobility of society. The primary focus of the nobility were to function as warriors.The third estate had little to no power in that time of society and composed of peasants and laymen. This changed throughout Europe with the coming of feudalism. This differs from modern society for the facts of a more prosperous middle class. Describe the guilds. Who made up their membership and what was their influence on the business practices of the late Middle Ages? In the middle ages, the Guilds were prod market intermediaries organizing training, working conditions. These mercha nts and craftsmen formed the basis for a new class of townspeople, the middle class. They would be the basis of the growing middle class.How did the guilds improve the lot of trimmen? How did they answer business and trade? How did they restrict its growth? The improvement of the freemen could be seen from a point of their emergence of professions. The benefits of this system would be the systematic control and increase of certain professions that were needed at the time. This order was kept to maintain physical exercise and necesity for the freemen. However, as a result of the control over the market, restrictions on individualised choice ended up restricting its growth. Who were the bourgeoisie? Why did they non fit in the traditional class structure of the Middle Ages?The bourgeoisie were merchants and craftsmen formed the basis for a new class of town dwellers. They did not fit into what would be considered traditional because of their system and plans of growing the middl e class. Why was the social structure of Europe challenged by the growing number of free townspeople and the changing economy? With the strengthening control of the kings, powers and influence of the feudal lords led to leaving more land in the hands of few people. This led to the even farther decline in the idea of feudalism. How did the Crusades process to begin the change from Medieval society into a modern society?The Crusades stimulated trade by certain political, social, and economic changes. This was achieved by the unawareness attacks on feudal lords and in turn gave the increased power to the kings. The changes highly-developed after the old nobility lacked the wealth to keep up with the kings. Why are the Crusades sometimes called Successful failures? The Crusaders led to the eventual fading out of feudal states in the most of Europe and is an important part of European expansion and colonialism. Why and in what ways did kings and underlying governments grow stronger a t the end of the Middle Ages?The Kings helped facilitate the forming of countries by uniting small feudal states into large kingdoms. They helped develop the idea of a central government in spite of appearance these kingdoms. This centralized government was indeed stronger than the smaller micro-state governments . What obstacles stood in the way of the universe of discourse of strong central governments? Since strong central governments often emerge from weaker central governments or loose confederations a central government may also have to deal with regional lords who regard centralization as an onset on their own ower. Why was the re-establishment of trade so important to the innovation of Europe? Re-establishment of trade was very important due to the fact of the bourgeoisie wanting to create a wider middle class. This could not happen because of what menstruum state Europe was in due to the idea of feudalism. Also, where there is any contact between two civilizations idea s will be traded amongst them, giving each civilization new ideas.

Accounting for Small Business Essay

ABSTRACTSMEs play a very essential role in Indias economy and have a bang-up potential for strengthening the real firmament in India. But thither has non been appropriate infrastructure yet which is be dust to channelize the personal credit line feasibility.Traditional business in Indian Villages had been started by a family and ancestors, but has gotten bigger forthwith. This business has many strengths and weaknesses. Based on the gibe and background, the proposed- method of accounting g all overnance has been get outed. It has been alike successfully tested for a calendar month effect and revised. Adding companionship management into accounting administration is an alternative way to develop the proposed-accounting system. The four modes of knowledge creation will facilitate the business and its owner to add several(prenominal) modules in accounting system and to reengineer the business process. apprehend more Distinguish between problem- focused coping and emoti on-focused coping Essay accounting entry clarified business plays a very important role in Indias economy, particularly in aspects increased employment, income generating, economic reading. In addition, this sector is considered as a driving force for the rural economy. But until now there are still many problems to hinder the elflike business growth. Facts in the Asia Pacific region revealed that Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) employ rough 60 percent of the workforce. Only 10 percent of the total companies in Asia Pacific which is a big business, the rest are SMEs. For India, accord to Small & Medium Business Corner (SMBC) data in 2012 the numbers of micro, small and medium opening moves develop into 130 Lakhs (http//www.smeindia.net/export_schemes/OverviewofMSME.html) by heavy(p) employment to 410 Lakhs batch and able to contribute to the total national GDP amounted to 8-9 percent in 2012.Basic problem of management in small business is inability of owners to determin e their management style that appropriate with the business need and development stage. In early stage of business, family management style leads to one-man assign. jibe to improvement of business environment, that conventional style could not be pushed longer. oddly in financial management, the business owners could not be able to abstract the financial management of business and family yet. Besides, they have not well planned, managed and report periodically yet. It is caused by there is no appropriate infrastructure which is accounting system. The impact is that the owners of small business have difficulties to cooperate with external such as bank or another financial institution. The owners have difficulties to show their feasibility business when they want to propose credit or stain a business contract with another business.Based on the brilliance of an accounting system, this seek results a proposed-accounting system which can be utilise by owners of small business in India. The proposed-accounting system is a generic wine model of purchasing and selling system that should be enhanced according to business need and by refer to the knowledge management approach. publications REVIEWACCOUNTING SYSTEMAccording to Gillespie, accounting system is an nerve of document, form and report which is managed to provide information for management. Based on that definition, elements of accounting system are documents, forms and reports, but still concern with procedure and intimate control. in that respectfore, proposed-elements in this take away will refer to it.SMALL BUSINESS under the law of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (2008), definition of SMEs in India is explained by the display panel below. Based on the definition, the research object is categorized as a small business.DEFINITION OF SMES IN INDIAEnterprises engaged in providing or translation of services (i) A micro green light is an endeavor where the investment in equipment does not ex ceed Rs. 10 lakh (ii) A small enterprise is an enterprise where the investment in equipment is more than Rs.10 lakh but does not exceed Rs. 2 crore and (iii) A medium enterprise is an enterprise where the investment in equipment is more than Rs. 2 crore but does not exceed Rs. 5 crore.Enterprises engaged in the manufacture or production, processing or conservation of goods (i) A micro enterprise is an enterprise where investment in whole works and machinery does not exceed Rs. 25 lakh (ii) A small enterprise is an enterprise where the investment in plant and machinery is more than Rs. 25 lakh but does not exceed Rs. 5 crore and (iii) A medium enterprise is an enterprise where the investment in plant and machinery is more than Rs.5 crore but does not exceed Rs.10 crore.SYSTEM DEVELOPMENTSystem development in this study will follow the three main travela.System analysisActivities in this stage are initial study, feasibility study, compulsion definition, and specification system a rrangement. b.System design After finishing system analysis, the next activities are system design, system building and system testing. c.System carrying into action Based on system testing, a revised system will be established. Finally, system is enforced and operated. At this stage, company will conduct maintenance activity.RESEARCH methodological analysisSince this study wants to develop a proposed-accounting system, Research and development approach which is use in this study is a research program that is followed by a development program. It is a combination of descriptive study that describes the actual phenomenon in an object and exploratory research that develops a proposed -accounting system. A proposed-accounting system is focused on purchasing and selling system since those are the main activities in the business.The location of this study, Traditional small business in Indian Villages, was elect on purpose, because this business in the Villages has significantly improv ed in gross revenue and human empowering, also government is paying attention by giving assistantship for both management and technology. Primary data of this study was the results of guided interviews and observation.The steps of this study are designed as followa.Initial study preceding research was conducted to comprehend previous studies and literature, guided questionnaire drafting, and Traditional business understanding.b.System requirement definingAt this stage, the data was obtained by interview with business owners and observation directly to the business. By understanding the research object condition and background, also the strength and weakness, the accounting system requirement could be defined.c.Development of proposed-accounting systemAt this stage, development of proposed-accounting system was managed by interviews, observation, and group discussion among owners, researcher and government, related to main accounting system elements, which are document, form and rep ort. In its development, knowledge management approach was proposed to use since it can facilitate business occasional operation into business standard operation. The result of this stage was a proposed-accounting system.d.Testing and implementationTesting was accomplished by implementing the proposed system to handle a month transactions. Owners and their staff used it to run transactions of purchasing and selling for a month. By running the system, problems were found and then they were used to revise the system. At this stage, a revised-accounting system was established.e.Conclusions and recommendationsIn the final stage of this study, conclusions and suggestions from all research processes were stated.RESULT AND DISCUSSIONPROFILE OF TRADITIONAL BUSINESS IN Indian VILLAGESIndia is one of the major exporter and supplier of handi cunnings and gift products to the world market. The Indian handicrafts diligence is highly labor intensive and decentralized, being spread all crossway s the country in rural and urban areas. The sector is considered as the punt king-sizedst employment-generating sector after agriculture with numerous artisans engaged in craft work on a part-time basis. The industry offers employment to over 6 million artisans, including a large number of women and people from the weaker sections of society.The stick day handicraft tradition of India is a perfect example of engrossment between the traditional designs and modern techniques. The fast growing demand for Indian handicraft and gifts products have made this sector a full-fledged large scale organized industry that is growing day by day. billThe rich history of Indias craft tradition has evolved over the centuries pass a legacy of Indian culture promising everything beauty, dignity, form and style. The conformation is comprehensive and ranges from age-old stone carvings to modern handicrafts making use of nut flints and mirrors. The most popular crafts, include metalware, earthenw are, pottery, sculpting, woodwork, hand-printed cloths and scarves, embroidered and crocheted goods, shawls, zari products, stone carving and imitation jewelry.There is a myriad of art and craft traditions in India that depend on social, economic and regional factors. The present status of the sector in India owes lots to the rich crafts history and tradition of the past. Majority of the crafts from the past continues to flourish collectable to their utilitarian characteristics, availability to the common people and popularity in domestic and spherical markets.Today, some of the sectors within the craft industry have even cause full fledged industries in their own, like carpet weaving, traditional textile (Banarsi silk sari, Chikankari etc), gem nifty and polishing, jewelry making, the world famous diamond cutting and polishing industry, brassware, jute products, etc. The growth of these industries is due to their ever-increasing demand and the popularity of Indian crafts in t he domestic market and overseas. Gems and jewelry, carpet making, metalware, leather products, jute products etc. are some industries, which are growing rapidly.

NVQ Business studies Essay

change should be well-thought-of and cherished, because cypher is alin concert the equivalent as any angiotensin converting enzyme else. It is everywhere in our lives which makes profuse and varied. In our lives transmutation depose be define as differences in heritage, race, beliefs, customs, intellectual capabilities, sensible appearances etc.tera It should be nursed because no one is all in all the self corresponding(prenominal) as anyone else, even out inside the supra categories. If variety show is non treasured hence it displace principal to abandon and hatred. hatful angle to retract what is different. Our differences/diversities fuel belong to harvesting as a monastic cabaret or it fag end scat to delirium and hatred.We must value our alteration in fiat to melt together for the commonality adept of our bon ton/world. ?OCR strain and electric pig NVQ (QCF) building block 203 human activity lap in a moving in organization surr oundings train 2 assent 2 1. 1Describe what is meant by transformation and wherefore it should be valued? Diversity should be respected and valued, because nonentity is wholly the same as anyone else. It is everywhere in our lives which makes rich and varied. In our lives mixture buttocks be defined as differences in heritage, race, beliefs, customs, moral capabilities, somatogenetic appearances etc.It should be valued because no one is completely the same as anyone else, even within the above categories. If miscellany is non valued therefore it locoweed lead to violence and hatred. People bleed to decline what is different. Our differences/diversities after part lead to growth as a guild or it can lead to violence and hatred. We must value our miscellany in order to work together for the common good of our clubhouse/world. ?OCR stage business and formation NVQ (QCF) UNIT 203 Title Work in a business surroundings Level 2 Credit 2 1.1Describe what is meant by diversity and why it should be valued? Diversity should be respected and valued, because nobody is completely the same as anyone else. It is everywhere in our lives which makes rich and varied. In our lives diversity can be defined as differences in heritage, race, beliefs, customs, mental capabilities, physical appearances etc. It should be valued because no one is completely the same as anyone else, even within the above categories. If diversity is not valued then it can lead to violence and hatred.People tend to reject what is different. Our differences/diversities can lead to growth as a society or it can lead to violence and hatred. We must value our diversity in order to work together for the common good of our society/world. ?OCR Business and Administration NVQ (QCF) UNIT 203 Title Work in a business environment Level 2 Credit 2 1. 1Describe what is meant by diversity and why it should be valued? Diversity should be respected and valued, because nobody is completely the same as anyone else. It is everywhere in our lives which makes rich and varied.In our lives diversity can be defined as differences in heritage, race, beliefs, customs, mental capabilities, physical appearances etc. It should be valued because no one is completely the same as anyone else, even within the above categories. If diversity is not valued then it can lead to violence and hatred. People tend to reject what is different. Our differences/diversities can lead to growth as a society or it can lead to violence and hatred. We must value our diversity in order to work together for the common good of our society/world. ?OCR Business and Administration NVQ (QCF)UNIT 203 Title Work in a business environment Level 2 Credit 2 1. 1Describe what is meant by diversity and why it should be valued? Diversity should be respected and valued, because nobody is completely the same as anyone else. It is everywhere in our lives which makes rich and varied. In our lives diversity can be defined as diff erences in heritage, race, beliefs, customs, mental capabilities, physical appearances etc. It should be valued because no one is completely the same as anyone else, even within the above categories. If diversity is not valued then it can lead to violence and hatred.People tend to reject what is different. Our differences/diversities can lead to growth as a society or it can lead to violence and hatred. We must value our diversity in order to work together for the common good of our society/world. ?OCR Business and Administration NVQ (QCF) UNIT 203 Title Work in a business environment Level 2 Credit 2 1. 1Describe what is meant by diversity and why it should be valued? Diversity should be respected and valued, because nobody is completely the same as anyone else. It is everywhere in our lives which makes rich and varied.In our lives diversity can be defined as differences in heritage, race, beliefs, customs, mental capabilities, physical appearances etc. It should be valued because no one is completely the same as anyone else, even within the above categories. If diversity is not valued then it can lead to violence and hatred. People tend to reject what is different. Our differences/diversities can lead to growth as a society or it can lead to violence and hatred. We must value our diversity in order to work together for the common good of our society/world. ?OCR Business and Administration NVQ (QCF)UNIT 203 Title Work in a business environment Level 2 Credit 2 1. 1Describe what is meant by diversity and why it should be valued? Diversity should be respected and valued, because nobody is completely the same as anyone else. It is everywhere in our lives which makes rich and varied. In our lives diversity can be defined as differences in heritage, race, beliefs, customs, mental capabilities, physical appearances etc. It should be valued because no one is completely the same as anyone else, even within the above categories. If diversity is not valued then it can lead toviolence and hatred. People tend to reject what is different. Our differences/diversities can lead to growth as a society or it can lead to violence and hatred. We must value our diversity in order to work together for the common good of our society/world. ?OCR Business and Administration NVQ (QCF) UNIT 203 Title Work in a business environment Level 2 Credit 2 1. 1Describe what is meant by diversity and why it should be valued? Diversity should be respected and valued, because nobody is completely the same as anyone else. It is everywhere in our lives which makes rich and varied.In our lives diversity can be defined as differences in heritage, race, beliefs, customs, mental capabilities, physical appearances etc. It should be valued because no one is completely the same as anyone else, even within the above categories. If diversity is not valued then it can lead to violence and hatred. People tend to reject what is different. Our differences/diversities can lead to growth as a society or it can lead to violence and hatred. We must value our diversity in order to work together for the common good of our society/world. ?OCR Business and Administration NVQ (QCF)UNIT 203 Title Work in a business environment Level 2 Credit 2 1. 1Describe what is meant by diversity and why it should be valued? Diversity should be respected and valued, because nobody is completely the same as anyone else. It is everywhere in our lives which makes rich and varied. In our lives diversity can be defined as differences in heritage, race, beliefs, customs, mental capabilities, physical appearances etc. It should be valued because no one is completely the same as anyone else, even within the above categories. If diversity is not valued then it can lead to violence and hatred.People tend to reject what is different. Our differences/diversities can lead to growth as a society or it can lead to violence and hatred. We must value our diversity in order to work together for the common go od of our society/world. ?OCR Business and Administration NVQ (QCF) UNIT 203 Title Work in a business environment Level 2 Credit 2 1. 1Describe what is meant by diversity and why it should be valued? Diversity should be respected and valued, because nobody is completely the same as anyone else. It is everywhere in our lives which makes rich and varied.In our lives diversity can be defined as differences in heritage, race, beliefs, customs, mental capabilities, physical appearances etc. It should be valued because no one is completely the same as anyone else, even within the above categories. If diversity is not valued then it can lead to violence and hatred. People tend to reject what is different. Our differences/diversities can lead to growth as a society or it can lead to violence and hatred. We must value our diversity in order to work together for the common good of our society/world.