Trust in a law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Trust in a law - Case Study Example Since ex hypothesi the transfer is on trust, the resulting trust does not establish the trust but merely carries back to A the beneficial interest that has not been disposed of. Such resulting trusts may be called "automatic resulting trusts". It is further noted that Arnold paid for the loan amortization until his death in 2001. Thereafter Wendy invited Bill in writing to live with her stating that the letter had interests in the house as well. In this situation Wendy's action of writing a letter to Bill inviting him to move in with her and further stating that Bill had an interest in the aforesaid property created an express trust or by implication an implied truest. As a result of this, Bill paid the loan amortization installments amount equivalent to 25% of the original purchase price. Contrary to the original perception that Bill is not an actual party to the ownership of the freehold house bought by Arnold and Wendy who had in truth and in fact had joint ownership the turn of events because of Wendy's action of writing made Bill an owner also. ___________________________________ 3 Vandervell's Trusts (No. 2) (1974) ch. 269,; Megarry & Wade: The Law of Real Property (6th Edition) Serapio 3 According to the law, a trust can be created through a written document known as an express trust or can be created by implication known as an implied trust. Normally, a trust can be created by any one of the following to wit: (a) A written document created by the settler and signed by both the settler and the trustees, this is often referred to as an inter vivos or "living trust"; (b) an oral declaration; (c) the will of a decedent, usually called a testamentary trust; or (d) a court order. In this instant case there exists two... is. Such resulting trusts may be called "presumed resulting trusts."; (b) The second class of case is where the transfer of B is made o trusts which leave some or all of the beneficial interest undisposed of. Here B automatically holds on resulting trust for A to the extent that the beneficial interest has presumptions, but is the automatic consequence of A's failure to dispose of what is vested in him. Since ex hypothesi the transfer is on trust, the resulting trust does not establish the trust but merely carries back to A the beneficial interest that has not been disposed of. Such resulting trusts may be called "automatic resulting trusts". with her and further stating that Bill had an interest in the aforesaid property created an express trust or by implication an implied truest. As a result of this, Bill paid the loan amortization installments amount equivalent to 25% of the original purchase price. created by any one of the following to wit: (a) A written document created by the settler and signed by both the settler and the trustees, this is often referred to as an inter vivos or "living trust"; circumstances above, when Arnold died he left all his property to Wendy.

Identify the Diffenent Reasons People Communicate Essay Example for Free

Identify the Diffenent Reasons People Communicate Essay We need to communicate with others in order to be able to successfully carry out daily activities, especially in the work place. This can be done in many different forms and have positive and negative effects. Being aware of these forms and implementing them is vital when working with young children and adults. People communicate in both personal and professional capacitites for a variety of different reasons. In a work setting people may communicate to: build relationships; maintain relationships; gain and share information; gain reassurance and acknowledgement; to express needs and feelings and to share thoughts and ideas. Building relationships can be a simple form of communication such as a smile/wave/ ‘hello’ when we first meet a new parent/child. Each time we do this we are maintaining a relationship with the parent/child, although this may not be strictly for a professional ‘reason’, for example; asking what they are doing tonight? By building and maintaining relationships via communication we are gaining information, which by sharing will help in the way we work, for example; with children, parents and other professionals. We can also provide trust, reassurance and acknowledgement by praising, physical reassurance by providing eye contact or by taking an interest in what they are doing. People also communicate in order to express their needs and/or feelings. As humans most of us need to do this and we should respect and allow a child’s need to as well, if they don’t have the opportunity to do this they can become very frustrated. The same applies to being creative by sharing their ideas and thoughts as children and young people will need to share these with others. Read more:  Describe the different ways that people communicate  essay L.O 1.2: Explain how communication affects relationships in the work setting Communication is vital in the work setting as it helps to establish good relationships with young people, children, their families and colleagues, and these are essential in order to be able to work effectively with them. Relationships and communication skills compliment each other, therefore carers who have good communication skills are more likely to have good relationships with children, parents and other adults. We communicate via body language and facial expressions and relationships are influenced by this. Relationships and communication is pivotal in the early year’s sector. By sharing and gaining information, for example, on a child’s feelings, routine and/or long term health we can help establish different needs and/or the need for intervention. We can also help the child settle in more easily, as when they feel comfortable with us so will their parents and vice versa, this also helps the child feel more relaxed which in turn helps them play and learn more effectively and benefit from it. As pointed out on www.helpguide.org it can also â€Å"†¦improve relationships at home, work and in social situations by deepening your connections to others, and improving team work, decision making, caring and problem solving.† By working together as a team via communicating, job satisfaction can be gained as can easier transitions if the child is moved from one setting to another. Communication is something that we do in our everyday life in every type of setting. We can build and maintain relationships from this with a variety of people. This in turn can have positive or negative effects on the things we do. By communicating via facial expressions, body language or verbally we are establishing and maintaining relationships with their practitioner as it can help identify needs, spot things that occur repeatedly and help the child develop holistically, therefore it is essential that we all communicate effectively.

Love Cant Be Simply Put :: essays research papers

The famous Benjamin Franklin once said, "If you would be loved, love and be lovable." But what is love, it can be defined by the Webster's dictionary as a "profoundly tender, passionate affection for another person." Even with that just being said countless poets, philosophers, and authors have fallen short of truly capturing the full meaning of love. The reason could lie in the differences of love and its ability to change throughout our lives. When a baby is born and placed into the hands of loving parents, the love that the baby is able to get is vital in the development of it. The love or lack of love starts to change you from the beginning of your life and continues throughout adulthood. The young baby needs the love and wants the attention. It needs to be protected and cared for. Undoubtedly there is a major love for a baby and the love of the baby for the mother. Interestingly some people say that they love chocolate, basketball, sex, and even cars. But that doesn't fall into the Webster's definition of being "profoundly tender, passionate affection for another person." Also it doesn't agree with Benjamin Franklin's, "If you would be loved, love and be lovable." As everyone knows the game of basketball is not a person and it can't love you back. So why would someone say that they love those things? I know from my own experiences that I have a passionate affection for playing the game and I feel a joy in playing it. Continuing to blur the meaning of love with it's diversity in the relationships we have for people and objects. For instance, I love my mom, dad, brothers, dog, sports, and many more. During certain periods of my life the love will certainly rise or fade. Also the intensity of that love is not the same in all those relationships. For I have never been in love with a girl, I may only imagine what it might be like to be in love. Guessing from my friends relationships with other girls it seems like a big headache instead of wonderful bliss like some poets maybe would like to put it. When Benjamin Franklin said, "If you would be loved, love and be lovable," he must have meant that love goes both ways. That not only is it important to love but also important in how it is received.

Change and Culture Essay

A merger is the combining of two or more corporate entities to create one new organization with one licensure and one provider number for reimbursement purposes (Lielber & McConnell, 2008). Mergers occur for the following reasons; a desire to increase size to gain clout for negotiations with managed care providers, the desire to penetrate new markets to attract additional customers, the need for improved efficiencies resulting from centralized administrative practices, and the desire to express overall value of promoting readily available comprehensive care (Lielber & McConnell, 2008). Mergers occur on a daily. Mergers are a type of horizontal integration. Horizontal integration combines two or more corporations together through mergers and acquisitions (Borkowski, 2005). Horizontal integration increases the merged organization market base (Cai & Obara, 2009). Competition plays a huge role in business. In each industry, organizations compete against one another to get a foothold in the market. Competition can be beneficial and detrimental to the success of organizations. Competition benefits organizations in that it keeps organizations current on the latest trends in technology and equipment. It can be detrimental in that it can cause organizations to take shortcuts in procedures that can be harmful to patients and consumers. Competition can cause management to only focus on being number one and maintaining that spot at whatever cost. Customers are left holding the bag when and suffer when organizations focus solely on competition instead of focusing meeting the needs of the customer. Some organizations and industries strive on competition. Their goal is to be the best in their field and industry. In the health care industry, competition can be beneficial if organizations maintain their focus on providing quality patient care. This paper will focus on the effects of merging a healthcare organization with a competitor. Discussions will focus on the impact the sale will have on the culture of the new organization, what I can do as a middle manager to ensure the combined staff will work together to provide quality care without taking on a competitive stance, and describing what the organization will look like in terms of systems and shape. I will begin by looking at the organization in terms of systems and shape. Description of the Organization When merging organizations, the systems and shape of the organization will change to reflect the combining of the organizations. When merging organizations you have to create a perfect blend of the two organizations to create the new organizations. The best qualities of the organizations need to be combined to make the new organization a success. The goal of a merger is to â€Å"achieve mutual benefits through synergies of mission, strategies, operations, and ultimately competitive and financial position† (Kaufman & Grube, p. 46, 2009). The new organization will combine the best assets of both organizations. Services not previously offered at one or the other organization will be offered at the new organization as a result of the change. The new inpatient and outpatient services offered will increase our patient base. Although we will be offering new services, we will also have to eliminate some services offered that are not used on a consistent basis. We will have to make cuts that will help sustain the new organization. We will also make cuts to staff. When combining organizations, some departments will have to be downsized and combined to meet the needs of the new organizations. The new organization will be structured in a way that we provide efficient quality care to our patients. Providing Quality Care â€Å"Mergers require a significant commitment on the part of leadership to understanding and addressing the challenges and potential risks inherent in such an undertaking—to both the acquiring entity and the acquired/partner-seeking organization† (Kaufman & Grube, p. 46, 2009). We have to work to find a balance between providing the new inpatient and outpatient services, while maintaining quality care. Management has to review the strengths and weaknesses of both organizations and apply the strengths to the new organization. As a middle manager, it is my job to ensure that the combined staff works well together. It is my job to listen to any concerns that staff may have about the merger and answer their questions to the best of my ability. I think the key to getting the combined staff to work together without taking a competitive stance is communication. To eliminate the competitive stance, I would hold a meeting with the new staff and give them an opportunity to discuss their concerns about working together. I would also have training seminars to make sure everyone is working to the best of their abilities and providing quality care. By realizing that there will be some minor hiccups caused the by the change, I am better prepared to handle the problems. When implementing a change to any aspect of the daily functioning of an organization it is important to realize that there will be some degree of uncertainty with the effectiveness of the change. This degree of uncertainty will be caused by the newness of the change and getting use to retiring the old operating standard (Hauptman & Tyre, 1992). It is important to face these uncertainties head-on in order to implement the change successfully. The competitive stance is caused by the degree of uncertainty, employees are unsure of how the merger will affect their job. They are afraid that the new staff will come in and take pushing them out of the way. I have to ensure the staff that we are a team and that we are all working toward the same goal of providing quality care to our patients. Providing quality care is the goal of the healthcare organization, the needs of the patients has to come first. Although healthcare organizations are a business and it is important that the business aspects of the organization are met, patient care is the main goal of healthcare organizations. The focus has to be on what is best for the patient, not how much business or publicity the organization will receive from being competitive. The merger will change every aspect of the organization; it is my job to bring unity to the new organization. The Culture of the New Organization The sale will have a huge impact on the new combined organization. Changes have to be implemented to support the new organization. Staffing and budget cuts have to be made in order to make the merger a success. The new organization has to combine the best aspects of both organizations to fill the void of what each organization was lacking. The new organization will focus on providing efficient quality services to their patients. The new organization will provide a competitive edge to the organization while maintaining quality care. The new organization will provide more services to patients that each organization could not previously provide. The combined organization will be able to create a stronger brand and reach more people. The new organization will be able to reach a larger patient base. More revenue will be gained by combining both organizations. The new organization will be able to provide care to more people in the community and surrounding communities. Conclusion In conclusion combining health care organizations will affect a larger number of people. Mergers require a commitment from both the acquiring organization and the acquired organization to work together to mutual benefits. Each organization enters into the merger to receive benefits they were not able to receive by themselves. Whether it is for financial reasons or to gain a competitive advantage, mergers are necessary for healthcare organizations to survive in today’s industry. â€Å"The healthcare industry has started to experience a musical chair situation. When the music stops, certain hospitals are going to find themselves without a chair† (Kaufman & Grube, p. 50, 2009). The hospitals without chairs have to merge in order to stay in the game. When merging, it is important to analyze the risks and benefits to ensure the success of the merger. To ensure success, the merger has to be mutually beneficial for all parties involved.

The Digestive System and the Urinary System

Man loves food and loves to eat. His appetite is always good and in some cases, he will eat food even if he is not hungry especially if the food is tasty. Of course, food has to get into the blood to be carried to the body’s cells. Only soluble food or food which has already been dissolved can do this. Most of the food we eat, however, is insoluble. Even if you grind it down finely, it still won’t dissolve. And so, to make use of it, our body has to break it down into chemicals which can dissolve.This breakdown is called digestion, and it takes place in the digestive system. After our body completely utilizes the food and its nutrients or minerals, it becomes waste and this waste should be removed. It is now the part or role of the urinary system to control the discharge of certain waste materials filtered from the blood by the kidneys. Understanding these two systems, working hand in hand, would further improve one’s appreciation of how our body functions. Our d igestive system is a tube with two openings and many specialized organs.It extends from the mouth of the anus and is also called the gastrointestinal tract. An interesting fact about the gastrointestinal tract is that while food or food residues are in it, technically the material is still outside the body. Nutrients don’t â€Å"officially† enter the body until they move from the space inside the digestive tube, its lumen, into the bloodstream. From beginning to end, mucus-coated epithelium lines surfaces facing the lumen. The thick, moist mucus protects the wall of the tube and enhances diffusion across its inner lining.When we eat, the food advances in one direction, following the major components of the human digestive system, from the mouth or oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine and the large intestine or colon. The large intestine ends in the rectum, anal canal and anus. . If the complete digestive system of an adult human were fully stretche d out, it would extend 6. 5 to 9 meters or 21 to 30 feet; definitely one big tube. The mouth or the oral cavity is the entrance to the digestive system where the food is moistened and chewed. It can be said that the polysaccharide digestion starts in the mouth.The pharynx is the entrance to the tubular part of the system and to the respiratory system as well. It moves the food toward by contracting sequentially. On the other hand, the esophagus is the muscular, saliva-moistened tube that moves food from pharynx to stomach. The stomach is the muscular sac which stretches to store the food we take, faster than can be processed. Gastric fluid mixes with food and kills many pathogens. If the mouth is the place for polysaccharide digestion, the stomach is the place where protein digestion starts. It secretes grhelin.Grhelin is the appetite hormone which is responsible for those individuals who always want to eat. The small intestine on the other hand, has three parts. The first part of t he small intestine, namely the duodenum which is C-shaped and almost 10 inches long, receives secretions from the pancreas, gallbladder and liver. The second part, the jejunum which is almost three feet long, is the part of the small intestine where most nutrients are digested and absorbed. The third part is the ileum which is six to seven feet long and absorbs some nutrients and delivers unabsorbed material to large intestine.The large intestine concentrates and stores undigested matter by absorbing mineral ions and water. The large intestine of the adult human is about five feet long and it is divided into ascending transverse and descending portions. The last two major components of the digestive system are the rectum and the anus. The rectum is the distension which stimulates expulsion of the feces while the anus is the end of the digestive system and has a terminal opening through which feces are expelled. (Smith and Morton, 2001). The other system, urinary system, consists onl y of the two kidneys, two ureters, urinary bladder and the urethra.The two kidneys are shaped like beans, with the indentation or hilum, which faces medially. The kidney contains both excretory and collecting elements in the form of epithelial tubes and cavities, which are separated and supported by connective tissue laced with blood vessels. The two ureters, urinary bladder and urethra are all collecting elements. The ureters carry the urine from each kidney to the urinary bladder. A single urethra then carries the urine to the outside. We should be aware that the urethra is one component of the urinary system whose final development and location differ in the male and female.The ureters and urinary bladder are also lined with transitional epithelium. Surrounding this lining are thick walls formed by multiple layers of smooth muscle held together by connective tissue, particularly prominent in the urinary bladder. The urethra is lined by a combination of epithelial types, ranging f rom transitional to stratified squamous. The stratified squamous is the epithelium characteristic of structure close to or on the outside of the body (Premkumar, 2004). To sum the components and functions of the urinary system, the two kidneys produce urine while the ureters convey the urine to the urinary bladder.The urinary bladder in return stores the urine while the urethra transports the urine out of the body. The digestive system maintains the homeostasis in the human body through mechanical processing and motility, secretion, digestion, absorption and elimination. In mechanical processing and motility, movements of the various parts, such as teeth, tongue and muscle layers, break up, mix and propel the food material that we eat. In secretion, the digestive enzymes and other substances are released into the digestive tube.Digestion occurs when the food that we eat is chemically broken down into nutrient molecules until they become small enough to be absorbed. Following digesti on, of course, is absorption, where the digested nutrients and fluid pass across the tube wall and into blood or the lymph. Finally, elimination takes place when the undigested and unabsorbed residues are eliminated form the end of the digestive system or gastrointestinal tract. While the urinary system maintains homeostasis in the body by excreting and reabsorbing important electrolytes, compounds and water.Depending on the changes in the blood’s acid-base balance, the kidneys can either excrete bicarbonate or form new bicarbonate and add it to the blood. The necessary chemical reactions go on in the cells of the so called nephron tubule walls. For example, when the blood is too acid such as when we drink softdrinks or soda, water and carbon dioxide combine with the help of an enzyme. They form a compound called the carbonic acid that then can be broken into bicarbonate and H+. Then, the bicarbonate produced in the reactions moves into the interstitial fluid, and form there into peritubular capillaries.It ends up in the general circulation, where it buffers excess H+. H+ formed in the tubule cells is removed from the body. It is secreted into the nephron’s lumen, where it may combine with bicarbonate ions in the filtrate. Sadly for them, those ions can’t cross the tubule wall. But when bicarbonate is not available, the excess H+ combines with phosphate ions or ammonia and is excreted in the urine. This is how kidneys rid the body of hydrogen ions. On the other hand, when the blood is too alkaline, chemical adjustments in the kidneys normally ensure that less bicarbonate is reabsorbed into the bloodstream.Based on how the structure and function of two organ systems collaborate to maintain the body’s homeostasis, I think that a robot having a digestive system and urinary system exactly alike that of the humans is impossible. Robots can be used to cure or treat digestive or urinary system problems but robots having these systems seem impossible. More generally, robots are used to treat humans and help doctors in surgeries. This is evident in the use of robots in surgery or the so-called â€Å"Surgical Robotics† which is considered to be the â€Å"state of the art and future trend, especially towards autonomy† (Finlay, 2007).The examples of medical robot taxonomy are medical robots, surgical robotics, non-surgical robotics, image guided robots and multi-arm telemanipulators. They are also used in neurosurgery and there are new developments such as the developing strategic surgical robots and tactical surgical robots. On the contrary, robots may have a â€Å"digestive system or urinary system† that is similar or functions the same way as the digestive system or urinary system of humans, but not totally or exactly the same.If humans were to create robots with digestive systems of urinary systems, then that would be really difficult and the resulting project would be really complex. In addition to this, it would require us to develop sophisticated nanotechnology or use a lot of nanotechnology just to create one digestive system or one urinary system. After all, it is the body which secretes the enzymes or chemicals which conducts the bodily processes needed in the human body. A robot cannot simply produce the chemicals which are exactly the same as what our body creates or secretes.A hypothetical digestive and urinary system for a robot would look similar to the parts and processes that occur inside the automobiles. The gasoline is the robot’s food and the carburetor or the pistons are the teeth of the robot. An engine will serve as the stomach and in the case of a spark ignition engine, the spark will be similar to the chemicals or enzyme which the digestive system releases in order to digest or ignite the food. The gasoline which was not properly utilized or if incomplete combustion occurs, carbon dioxide or other gas emissions (similar to feces in the human body) will be released in the exhaust.

buy custom King Abdualziz and King Faisal essay

buy custom King Abdualziz and King Faisal essay King Abdualziz and his son King Faisal established the strong western diplomatic ties that still exist today. During their reigns the Arabic world went through turbulent periods with the western countries, but the Saudi kingdom remained a steadfast friend to the west, a trend that has been maintained decades later. King Abdualziz had a knack for frank simple discussions as opposed to diplomatic niceties. This earned him a lot of respect not only in the kingdom but also throughout the western world. His son may not have shared his fathers simplicity, but he was an innovative leader interested in seeing the Saudi kingdom modernized. This implied he had to maintain strong ties his father fostered with the western countries in order to take advantage of the technological advances. Both leaders maintained strong believe in their Bedouin culture and the Islamic religion .However, this did not limit their vision and understanding that western forms of education were the key ingredients in d riving the state towards modernization. Thus they established higher education institutions modeled to the western education systems and sponsored to students to undertake further education abroad. King Abdualziz had no formal education but he oversaw the sophisticated transformation of Saudi state from war torn territory. He laid the foundation steps that enabled the kingdom rise in terms of economic prosperity and infrastructure modernization. King Abdualziz helped rebuild the Saudi state by retaking the territory through a series of successful campaigns that saw him emerge as a courageous and daring fighter. This was before declaring Saudi Arabia a kingdom in 1932, and taking the reigns as the leader. The state was fragmented into many factions, headed by different tribal leaders. One of his greatest achievements was, therefore, to unify the warring factions and turn the territory into a unified kingdom. He was also responsible for establishing the administration infrastructure that helped the Saudi Arabian kingdom rise to its current successful state. Among his many qualities that made this possible was his courage, charisma and daring bravado that saw him start a successfu l campaign to retake the state with a force of less than one hundred men.King Abdualziz also embarked on rebuilding the kingdoms army from a handful of untrained men into a formidable force that saw it retake the former states territory and reclaim more surrounding areas. This implied that he had to turn to the British for weapons and cash beginning the states relationship with the western powers. His ambitions were to turn the Arabia peninsula into one territory under his rule (Wynbrandt, 2010). These plans failed since he had to rely on Britishs help to arm his forces and for financial resources, and his ambitions did not align with their interest. He was, however, able to cultivate mutually beneficial relationship with the British that saw him ge the resources to train and arm his forces. The 1865 war with Ottomans Empire left the Saudi state in fragmented factions with no administration infrastructure or territorial borders. King Abdualziz had to rebuild the Saudi kingdom from the ground by uniting the existing fragmented factions and reestablishing the territorial borders (Wynbrandt, 2010). Therefore, among the biggest political problems that King Abdualziz had to contend with was lack of territorial borders for his kingdom. He had to fight a series of wars in order to reclaim the Saudi territory. In addition to this, since there was no legitimate government that was left after the war to governing the area, he had to establish the administration infrastructure for the kingdom from scratch. In other words, there were no established administration structures, governing the territory. Thus, the kingdom had to be established from the ground. This meant that the kingdom had no resources, since there was no government and oil was not yet discovered. This meant that there was no money to buy weapons for his forces, and he had to rely on help from other empires such as the British. Before the establishment of the Saudi Arabia kingdom, the territory was under different tribal factions. This, therefore, meant that the kingdom lacked a common unifying administration. The major social problem that King Abdualziz faced was lack of established social infrastructure and institutions for his citizens. In order to establish this, King Abdualziz faced a lot of resistance from the different warring tribal leaders as well as their people, who wanted the status quo maintained. Their state had no basic infrastructure such as transportation networks, communication or institutions. From 1932 up to the end of his rule in 1953, King Abdualziz helped to establish all these basic development pre-requisites. He declared the Quran as the new constitution for the kingdom (Chalcraft, 2010). He established transportation networks, communication, administration institutions, agriculture and modern technology among many developing projects. The diplomatic ties with the western countries saw British and American companies licensed to explore oil in the kingdom, since they had the technology. It was during his tenure that Israel was annexed from the Palestinian territory. Saudi kingdom, unlike the most Arabic states, at the time did not sever its ties with the western nations. He was, therefore, considered by the west as a voice of peace in the region. By declaring the Quran as the constitution for the kingdom, King Abdualziz established Saudi Arabia as an Islamic state. His rule was, therefore, governed by the Islamic principle, as stipulated in the Quran. However, Saudi Arabia, unlike her Arabic neighbors, such as Iran, Iraq and Turkey was less radical in application of the Islamic rule (Chalcraft, 2010). The kings Islamic rule was moderate, and was considered a just, honest leader of high integrity who kept his word (Kechichian, 2001). Although the king was also considered to be responsive to his citizens problems, most of the oil revenues ended up in his family coffers. This ended up making his family one of the wealthiest in the world. King Faisals rule saw the establishment of economic development plans that were seen as most responsible for the rapid economic growth that saw the kingdom rise to prominence. King Faisal, like his father, was strong and adherent of the Bedouin culture. He served as a minister in his fathers government and under the reign of his elder brother. This implies that by the time he took leadership, he was experienced in matters of the kingdom. Like his father, he maintained the western diplomatic ties, although he was a strong supporter of the Islamic ties. In addition, he also embraced modernization despite his strong ties with traditions; a factor that helped the kingdom become industrialized and developed rapidly. He oversaw the establishment of the first girls school in the kingdom, and an Islamic organization that was tasked with strengthening ties with other Islamic countries. He was also a strong believer in education and his government continued to put education on the forefront of their development agenda. During his leadership, the Arabic region was rocked by a number of wars with Israel and King Faisalstrongly advocated for peaceful resolutions to the arising issues in the region (Kechichian, 2001). He, however, is considered responsible for the 1971 world energy crisis for withdrawing Saudi Arabia oil from the world market; causing the world prices to drastically increase. He was strongly committed to the interest of Saudi Arabia, and those of the Arabic region. Unlike his father, however, King Faisal had resources to develop the kingdom since oil was already discovered, and the state had a lot of resources from the oil revenues. CONCLUSION King Abdualziz leadership and that of his son King Faisal had several similarities that include both leaders, embracing technology development. During his tenure, King Abdualziz laid the foundation for modernization of Saudi kingdom from a failed state, and his son oversaw his fathers development agenda prosper. During his reign, he established strong ties with the western countries that grew even stronger during his sons reign. These are some of the factors that have seen Saudi Arabia prosper into a modern moderate state. In addition they were both strong advocates of Arabic unity and sponsored organizations to further these interests. In the process they gained the respect and years of the regions leaders and people ensuring that Saudis weigh on Arabic affairs become crucial and influential. This implies that the two leaders were strong allies of the western countries. Buy custom King Abdualziz and King Faisal essay

What Kind Of Music Should Be Taught essays

What Kind Of Music Should Be Taught essays What Kind of Music Should Be Taught? In the 1995 film Mr. Hollands Opus, the character, Mr. Holland, was a high school music teacher. He was starting to teach a music program that was in lack of a better word a disaster. One of the problems he faced in the movie was students had no interest in the history of music. When he said the word Beethoven or Bach the students immediately lost interest in the subject. Catching an idea on how to get the students excited he began to play a rock n roll tune on the piano. The kids sat up really quick, all broke smiles, and opened their minds. They soon found out that what they were listening was not an original composition of a rock band, but an arrangement of a piece that was written centuries ago. This was only a movie. However this situation will arise throughout your teaching career at one point or another, and we must face it and use our knowledge to teach the students. For the most part, the only type of music that our students will know before taking a music class i s new age music. Some may have never heard an orchestra or be able to name you an orchestral work. New age music should be included in every classroom as a basis of teaching music. I have heard many musicians tell their students that rap is not music and that Rock N Roll is not music. How can it not be music? Well the truth is. The musician who clamed it was not music, is just stubborn and stuck on their way of life, and most likely chooses to decline its musical validity. I am going to look at a few major types of new age music, and explain why each should be included in the teaching of music. These styles are: Rap, Rock N Roll, Country and Musical Theatre. I did not include jazz because many music educators already teach it. To many musicians including myself it is hard to understand rap as being a type of music. However it is one of the most basic forms of music. A ...

Restive and Restless - Commonly Confused Words - Restive versus Restless

Restive and Restless - Commonly Confused Words - Restive versus Restless Theres only a shade of difference between the words restive and restless, but its a shade worth paying attention to.The adjective restive means difficult to control or impatient in the face of restraint or authority. The adjective restless means unable to rest, relax, or remain still. Unlike restive, restless is not associated with external restraint. Also see the usage notes below. Examples: The only real answer to a  restive animal  is good schooling. Nothing upsets horses or ponies (or riders) more than a  restive animal  that will not stand quietly.(George Wheatley, The Young Riders Companion, 1981)If you have a burning, restless urge to write or paint, simply eat something sweet and the feeling will pass.(Fran Lebowitz, Metropolitan Life, 1978) Usage Notes: [T]he words [restive and restless] overlap considerably. The subtle distinction, says The American Heritage Guide to Contemporary Usage (2005), is between restive, impatient with restriction, and restless, fidgety. But restive is often merely a synonym for restless. Some critics lament this development, says Garner 2003, but it seems irreversible.(Jan Freeman, Ambrose Bierces Write It Right. Walker, 2009)Restless is used for a person or thing that has or gives little rest: She spent a restless night worrying about the bills, Never more, Sailor / Shalt thou be / Tossed on the wind-ridden / Restless sea (Walter de la Mare). Restive is used for a person or thing that is uneasy, or impatient of authority: Horses can be restive creatures, anxious to be moving when they should be standing still.(Adrian Room, Dictionary of Confusable Words. Routledge, 2000)[A] patient who is sleeping poorly may be restless, but the same patient is restive only if kept in bed against his or her will.(Webster s New Essential Writers Companion. Houghton Mifflin, 2007) Practice:(a) My _____, roaming spirit would not allow me to remain at home very long.(Buffalo Bill Cody)(b) Pete was a _____ prisoner, and on February 27, 1945, he and a fellow convict escaped from Retrieve Prison Farm and made their way to Detroit before being recaptured by the FBI.(Douglas V. Meed, Texas Ranger Johnny Klevenhagen. Republic of Texas Press, 2000) Answers to Practice Exercises Glossary of Usage: Index of Commonly Confused Words Answers to Practice Exercises: Restive and Restless (a) My restless, roaming spirit would not allow me to remain at home very long.(Buffalo Bill Cody)(b) Pete was a restive prisoner, and on February 27, 1945, he and a fellow convict escaped from Retrieve Prison Farm and made their way to Detroit before being recaptured by the FBI.(Douglas V. Meed, Texas Ranger Johnny Klevenhagen. Republic of Texas Press, 2000) Glossary of Usage: Index of Commonly Confused Words

What is it about human sciences and natural sciences that makes them Essay

What is it about human sciences and natural sciences that makes them convincing - Essay Example There are a number of theories in human sciences and natural sciences that have gained the consensus of a vast majority of critics, and thus have been found convincing. A lot of technological advancements that have been made in the past few centuries are based on the very theories of natural sciences. Likewise, theories in human sciences have led to the development of models of psychological therapy. Most of the factors that make theories in human sciences convincing differ from the factors which make the theories in natural sciences convincing, and yet there are certain factors that play a role in making the theories in both the fields convincing. This paper discusses the factors responsible for the convincingness of human sciences and natural sciences. Human sciences, as the name indicates, are the sciences about humans. These include the study of sociology, psychology and behavior of humans. There is no objective way to test the theories of human sciences. There is a lot of subjectivity in the arguments made with the theories of human sciences, which can fundamentally be attributed to the diversity of human nature. There is probably, nothing as diverse in this universe, as human nature. While the theories of natural sciences can generally be easily tested for their reliability using the scientific methods, it is not quite as easy to conduct such tests on humans. There is a whole range of factors that play a role in it. The first and the foremost factor that keeps such tests to be performed is the fact that the subjects upon which the test is to be conducted are humans. Humans are living beings in which capacity, they have certain rights which may never be violated. This increases the difficulty for the researchers to approach the subjects of research and gain their consent for participation. The second factor which plays a role in making the testing insufficient to test a theory is the restraint of imitation. In order to compare the results

IT management Practices in Organisations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

IT management Practices in Organisations - Essay Example The underdeveloped system saps the managers’ ability to make informed decisions while planning for the IT, and the plans most turn out to be impracticable. â€Å"Deficiency in executing the plan formulated has led to a disjoint mode of implementation of technology† (Misra, 2006, p. 49). The system and organizational culture in SMEs is in the nascent stage and is not strong enough to address the loopholes in the organization and integration of IT in the work setup. Organizations take time to develop. In the start, one individual may represent one whole department because of human resource constraints imposed to minimize the expenditures and make the business profitable. Strategies entrepreneurs commonly adopt to limit the expenditure include but are not limited to increased manual work to save the expenditure of purchasing machines, overloading of work on the employees, more working hours, and reduced benefits for the organizational personnel. SMEs that do invest in mach ines do not have an efficient repair and maintenance system in place to ensure that the machines are fully functional all the time. A small dysfunction may take days to be fixed, which not only distorts the process of communication and drawing of information using technology, but also serves as a disincentive for the organizational personnel to rely on the use of technology to accomplish their daily tasks. As a result, there occurs a shift from machine work to the manual work, that in effect lowers the efficiency of the system as well as increases the work-load upon the employees further. Like all employees down the line, leaders are no less affected by the lack of planning and organization. Although leaders are primarily responsible for decision making as well as the planning and organization of IT, yet they are not able to achieve their optimal potential in leadership because of the resource constraints imposed by the owners of SMEs. Involvement of the CEO and the external IT expe rtise has a major influence on the success of IT management in SMEs (Thong et al., 1997). Unfortunately, most of the entrepreneurs/owners of SMEs are just rich enough to establish a new firm, and may not necessarily be qualified enough to lead the companies themselves. Like all other areas of IT management, controlling of IT is no less complicated in SMEs because of the aforementioned reasons. However, it is not appropriate to conclude that IT management in SMEs is absolutely inexistent. Although management of IT in SMEs is not comparable to that in large enterprises, yet various studies have concluded that there has occurred immense improvement in management of human resources as well as IT over the years (Suraweera, Cragg, & Mills, 2010, p. 1). Q. 2: Answer Before identifying the important practices in each of the four areas of IT management, it is customary to briefly discuss the concept of IT management as it helps in understanding the role of different departments in addition t o the IT department in the IT management. IT management is a very broad topic that covers activities that include but are not limited to the management of IT resource as a weapon of attaining competitive advantage, management of the resources of IT like the technical infrastructure and the organizational personnel, and establishment and accurate functioning of the information systems (Luftman, 2004). In the

Do Women Have Better Color Vision than Men Essay

Do Women Have Better Color Vision than Men - Essay Example Females have better connections and additional frequent communication between their brain's halves. This accounts for women's knack to have better insight. Men's brains are planned to chasing, which explicates their contracted scale of vision, while women's brains are capable to interpret a broader range of information. In the 1980s, vision examiners started to get some genuine physical discrepancies between the eyes of many women and those of most men. "Normal" color vision is doable because usually human have three different sorts of cone cells in their eyes, each one of which reacts to a different wavelength of beam. The procedure is principally opposite to that of a television set or computer monitor mechanism: on a TV, there are three colored marks - blue, green, and red - and a wide variety of "colors" we see are based on combinations of different degree of those colors. In the eye, cone cells comprises of three different photo tinctures. These are typically generalized as blue, green, and red, but their concrete values are nearer to bluish violet, green, and yellowish green. To keep away from mystification, psychologists characteristically refer to them to long-, medium, and short-wavelength receptive cones. For example, we are looking at a yellowish-green object, the long-wavelength cones are provoked the most, the medium-wavelength cones are kindled a bit, whereas the short-wavelength cones are not revived by any means, and the apposite signal is passed along the optic nerve to the mind, which then identifies the color as "yellowish-green." What the researchers were verdict when they truly looked at the structure of the eye is that most of the women - possibly more than fifty percent - owned a fourth picture pigment. Was this purely a genetic irregularity The premature research recommended that it would not. There is no superiority in women at deciding whether two very alike color scraps were in fact the same. They were only to some extent better than men at perceiving subtle marks of red light, a truth researchers accredited to individual distinction. On the other hand, Jameson and her companions were not influenced by this substantiation. Young girls are better at designating colors than boys, and matured men are not as fine at color-naming compared to women. They experienced the presented measures of color understanding and color-matching did not detain all the discrepancies between men and women, and formulated a new research that they felt was more correspond to real-world vision. (Deeb, 1996) It's to a certain extent complicated to observe an eye to conclude if it has an extra photo pigment - the method generally involves confiscating an eye itself. Jameson and her age group members may perhaps have had just a bit of intricacy recruiting volunteers to take part in a research involving such severe measures, so as an alternative they used a genetic examination to decide how many different photo pigments applicants were expected to possess and they guess this estimate this practice to be about 90 percent correct (Mollon, 2000). Out of 64 contestants in the research, 26 women were have 4 photo pigments, 16 of them were women with 3 photo pigments and 22 were males with 3 photo pigm

The Police and Higher Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Police and Higher Education - Essay Example To consider any job a profession a person must go through rigorous academic training. The only reason we entrust our lives to a doctor is because we know he or she has gone through at least a decade of tough training. (Bueermann, 2006) A doctor treats people who are sick. To determine how sick the patient is a doctor must know all the symptoms, the medical history and the possible allergic reactions. Any one who commits a crime has a disease. A police officer is a criminal's doctor. To find out how sick the criminal is the police should look at the effect of the crime, the criminal history and possible future reactions to the both the police and the criminals action. For a police officer to do his job he must have some academic training because he must diagnose the criminal. The Chief of Police of Redland California says, "We need to advance the educational levels of police officers. Today's challenges-greater ethnic and racial diversity in the service population, increased outside scrutiny of police practices, added responsibilities arising from homeland security-require officers to be able to think critically."(Bueermann, 2006) The Chief believes that society today is way more complex and to meet all the challenges an officer must be able to critically analyze a situation and take action accordingly. 'Street smarts' cannot be acquired by a college degree but the ability to critically think can. "Higher education does not guarantee that a candidate will become a great cop, but it does promote critical thinking. And requiring a college degree of incoming police officers is an effective way to foster organization-wide critical thinking."(Bueermann, 2006) The basic purpose of college besides producing a professional is to teach a person to think outside t he box and to critically analyze a situation. Education diversifies people's thoughts and transforms ideas into revolutions. A high school education strengthens the bud's roots so it can go to college, receive proper exposure to sunlight and have enough water to bloom into a rose. Education helps the human brain bloom into a perfect rose. It should be expected of police officers, the guardians of our society, to not only have strong roots but an open mind as well. Although college education is the formal way of getting an education it is not always the only way of getting one. A police department in Connecticut has taken a different route to police education. Instead of having a military like building their institute looks like a regular college. Instead of wearing uniforms the recruits wear normal clothes and the head is civilian. They have also changed what they teach; initially the training focus was on the physical aspects of policing. (Travis, 1995) Now the emphasis is on problem-solving, conflict resolution, diversity training, and acquiring organizational skills. Previously, only the minimum State requirements were taught. Now, recruits study such problems as sexual harassment, bias and hate crimes, HIV-AIDS, stress, and violence against women conversational Spanish and American Sign Language [and

Social Web Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

Social Web - Research Paper Example †. A question comes to mind, what is social networking meant for? Its purpose is to enable people for creating a virtual social network to exchange ideas and thoughts with class mates, old friends, lost friends, relatives, and new friends. Social networking sites have advantages as well as disadvantages later to be discussed. The factors impacting on the society are interrelated to each other. The severity of the impact of these sites may vary from severity level 1 to severity level 3. Social networking sites facilitate people to create a public or private profile to share it with a group of people within an isolated system. Likewise, these ‘web based’ services offer opportunities to create a new relation. The first social network site was launched in 1997 that was named as SixDegrees.com. Since then, these sites offered innovation in relationship performances, impression management, privacy management, online and offline status of friends. However, study shows tha t there is no research on cultural disparity (VitkauskaitÄâ€", 2011). Social Networking Sites Statistics Over 700 billion minutes are spent by each user on ‘Facebook’ per month. More than 500 million active users are registered on face book. 50% of massive 500 million contributes to the log of active users on to ‘Facebook’ in every single day.... ite ‘www.facebook.com’ statistics also includes the activity of users is â€Å"above 30 billion pieces of content (web links, news stories, blog posts, notes, photo albums, etc.) shared each month. The Global Reach is in more than 70 translations available on the site About 70% of Facebook users are outside the United States and Over 300,000 users helped translate the site through the translations application. Moreover, Fig 1.1, 1.2 and 1.3 illustrated below, demonstrate the participation of genders, privacy and beliefs and behavioral tracking on ‘Facebook’. Fig 1.1(Retreived from (Hoy & Milne, 2010) Fig 1.2(Retreived from (Hoy & Milne, 2010) Fig 1.3(Retreived from (Hoy & Milne, 2010) These figures are incomparable to other social networking sites such as twitter has 175 million registered users and 95 million tweets are written each day (Roberts, 2011). Positive Impact of Social Networking Sites (SNS) Social networking sites (SNS) facilitate users to creat e new relationships. Continuous communication online strengthens relationships and gives opportunities for creative expressions in a collaborative way. The social networking sites provide free photo storage, blogging, games, invitations for participating friends and various services. The social networking sites provide common interest between people and proffer revelation to innovative ideas publishing around the globe and provide freedom of expression. Those people who have stammering problem while speaking can express their emotions and feeling to share with others in full confidence. Social networking sites also contributed people to make crucial decisions in their life. 60 million Americans are facilitated by the Internet for making one of the most crucial life decisions ("The Strength of Internet Ties,

The Police and Higher Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Police and Higher Education - Essay Example To consider any job a profession a person must go through rigorous academic training. The only reason we entrust our lives to a doctor is because we know he or she has gone through at least a decade of tough training. (Bueermann, 2006) A doctor treats people who are sick. To determine how sick the patient is a doctor must know all the symptoms, the medical history and the possible allergic reactions. Any one who commits a crime has a disease. A police officer is a criminal's doctor. To find out how sick the criminal is the police should look at the effect of the crime, the criminal history and possible future reactions to the both the police and the criminals action. For a police officer to do his job he must have some academic training because he must diagnose the criminal. The Chief of Police of Redland California says, "We need to advance the educational levels of police officers. Today's challenges-greater ethnic and racial diversity in the service population, increased outside scrutiny of police practices, added responsibilities arising from homeland security-require officers to be able to think critically."(Bueermann, 2006) The Chief believes that society today is way more complex and to meet all the challenges an officer must be able to critically analyze a situation and take action accordingly. 'Street smarts' cannot be acquired by a college degree but the ability to critically think can. "Higher education does not guarantee that a candidate will become a great cop, but it does promote critical thinking. And requiring a college degree of incoming police officers is an effective way to foster organization-wide critical thinking."(Bueermann, 2006) The basic purpose of college besides producing a professional is to teach a person to think outside t he box and to critically analyze a situation. Education diversifies people's thoughts and transforms ideas into revolutions. A high school education strengthens the bud's roots so it can go to college, receive proper exposure to sunlight and have enough water to bloom into a rose. Education helps the human brain bloom into a perfect rose. It should be expected of police officers, the guardians of our society, to not only have strong roots but an open mind as well. Although college education is the formal way of getting an education it is not always the only way of getting one. A police department in Connecticut has taken a different route to police education. Instead of having a military like building their institute looks like a regular college. Instead of wearing uniforms the recruits wear normal clothes and the head is civilian. They have also changed what they teach; initially the training focus was on the physical aspects of policing. (Travis, 1995) Now the emphasis is on problem-solving, conflict resolution, diversity training, and acquiring organizational skills. Previously, only the minimum State requirements were taught. Now, recruits study such problems as sexual harassment, bias and hate crimes, HIV-AIDS, stress, and violence against women conversational Spanish and American Sign Language [and

LSP 5 Ethics - Discrimination and Affirmative Action Essay

LSP 5 Ethics - Discrimination and Affirmative Action - Essay Example The most dangerous job at the company is working at the factory. â€Å"The wood products industry may be divided into the following sub categories:  logging, pulp, paper board mills and saw mills and woodworking†. (Occupational Safety and Health Administration-OSHA). These five processes are equally risky because they involve operating machines and equipment. There are several hazards associated with working in this factory ranging from chemicals used in the processes; machines and equipment when faulty, poor design of work equipment and improper lifting are all common dangers associated with working in factories like this. Sometimes clothes worn by employees can also be trapped in the machines if not the recommended ones. Occupational noise, dust and heat could also be possible risks. I feel that employees are adequately informed of the various risks involved in working in such environments. Due to government regulations and reforms companies are under pressure to formulate safe workplace policies and make sure all employees abide by the set rules and regulations. The government enforces these laws to companies through the Federal Department of Labor, OSHA. Employers abide by the set standards and communicate hazards to their employees. They are also required to carry regular training on workplace safety. Working in the wood mills is the most dangerous occupations in the United States according to OSHA with hazards ranging from wiring, static and moving equipment, and components of products being manufactured to occupational noise and dangers of respiratory infections. These risks are acceptable and reasonable as long as proper communication about them is in place and that employees in the company take precaution as required to avoid incidences of work place infections, injury and accidents. This is because the products made by the company are necessary we

Outliers by Malcom Gladwell Essay Example for Free

Outliers by Malcom Gladwell Essay In Malcolm Gladwell’s The Outliers, his goal is to convince the reader that â€Å"people don’t rise from nothing† and that â€Å" we do owe something to parentage and patronage. † Although certain people’s success requires prerequisites of talent and knowledge. I agree with Gladwell that it is not solely because of these talents that these people are successful. However, their success most often is dependant on one’s past good fortune. For example, when or where one was born and raised, one’s cultural background and family legacies, one’s schooling, and many other factors, create opportunities for success where these talents can be utilized. Although some people are thought to have risen from nothing or to have gone from rags to riches, the fact is no one is capable of creating their own success without the help of others and good fortunes along the way. In this passage, a point that Gladwell points out is that success can be created by parentage and patronage, hidden advantages and opportunities, cultural backgrounds and family legacies. An example of the importance of one’s cultural backgrounds and family influence is the way we are raised. Our parents, as our first teachers have a big role in who will become in our lives; they teach us how to interact with other people, how to act in certain situations and how to present ourselves to others. The different religious and cultural backgrounds of our parents, and also the way our parents were raised have an enormous impact on the way our parents raise us. As a parent, the balancing of strictness, pressure, giving, loving, helping, and withholding, among other factors can be difficult, with the question being what balance is the best to raise a child. Because we are all raised in different ways everyone has different views on how to raise a child based on their knowledge of how they were raised. This proves that the way we are raised can make the difference in our success. An example of how parentage and patronage play a role in one’s success is sometimes evident in schooling. Everyday people acquire things they may not deserve because of their family and who they may know. A very common example of this is the use of legacies for admission into a university. Students use their parental legacies at schools all the time and depending on the school this can have an impact on the student’s admission to the school. Another strategy applicants use to help their admission into a school is to search for someone to write their recommendation letter that will have the most amount of influence on the admissions office. Another example of how â€Å"whom you know† can make the difference in one’s success is when looking for jobs. If your aunt, father, grandfather or friend owns or works at a successful business and they help you get a job, sometimes right out of college even if you aren’t as qualified as someone else who wants the job. This way, you are getting an opportunity that you wouldn’t have had otherwise that could make the difference of your success. Therefore, everyday instances like using legacies to get into college, inquiring jobs because of nepitism, or even getting moved up to an honors class because your mom called the school can create success for our futures. In this excerpt from Malcom Gladwell’s The Outliers, Gladwell makes the point that success requires help from others and good fortune to get ahead and become successful. I think whether we realize it or not we are always using advantages we have to get ahead in our own lives, in order to set us up for a more successful future.

Can the EU Serve as an Integration Model for ASEAN?

Can the EU Serve as an Integration Model for ASEAN? The age old saying of â€Å"there’s more than one way to skin a cat† has served as a clichà ©d phrase to adequately illustrate and paint the canvas of the archetypal process, exemplar standard or the perfect specimen isn’t the only path to success. This expression has been applicable as life advice, in competitive sports, career choices, as well as habitual daily-life in achieving greatness, the idiom has also lent to International Relations. Cooperation at any level is considered an achievement in all respectful fields; the ability to set aside differences, identify commonality for a purpose and the overlapping determination in reaching that ambition. The success of cooperating in International Relations takes the form of nation states coming together in alliance on the basis of commonality towards an ambitious goal, furthering into nation states in regions linking arms in pursuit for a collective objective. This profound bond is the grouping of nation states i n a region exuding behaviors as a collective who understand differences, identify common interests and strive towards a unified goal. The examples of regionalization would be of the European Union, the EU, and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations or ASEAN. While the two regional groupings have been known to be successful, the level of integration between the two differ quite considerably. The EU’s level of integration furthers ASEAN by many folds; the ability to integrate not only areas for free trade, but the unification of the market, currency, common passport, a customs union and a commonality in foreign policy as a region all through a common institution. The overwhelming success of the European Union dwarfs that of ASEAN where the Asian counterpart has only been able to achieve integration regionally through free trade and economic movement. The difference in level of integration begs the question of whether the EU model has the ability to befit that of ASEAN and p rovide guidelines and prove to be exemplar in regional integration. To begin whether the EU model is capable of providing as a structural guideline for ASEAN, we inspect the circumstances of the purpose each integration from its origins, and examine the validity of the two then systematically determine whether the EU model is capable of befitting that of ASEAN to achieve paralleling success in the East. The integration of the European Union is herald as the greatest union of nation states in a region, highest achievement in integration of a common currency, customs union, single market, common passport and foreign policy under a common institution. The ability for the members to share sovereignty and surrender to a collective long-term goal of a regional cooperation above domestic interests creates a supportive environment in channeling political will. The European Union marked the pioneer for regional integration which exhibited a collective ideology of a ‘community approach’ rather than the traditional balance of power mode accrediting Robert Schuman of France and Konrad Andenauer of Germany. The collective to channel political will led to the construction of a legally binding common institution which oversaw the integration project. This Western model empowered the consensus approach with a pronged initiative of solidarity and tolerance by not isolating any member regarding major domestic issues of a banking crisis resulting in an increase in public debt. Greece represents the first test to the European Union’s Single currency resulting in a great increase in both public debt and deficit. The consensus approach meant that Union were hesitant in decision-makings as well as implementing policies until the vast majority of member states were pursued to collectively pursue and implement such policies. The process of proposals passed through the Working Party, then to the Permanent Representatives Committee (Coreper) then finally a Council configuration secures that a proposal befits the interests of the entire Union. The willingness to provide significant financial transfer to help poorer members catch up with the collective norm meant that stronger members in the Union saw the importance of financial weaker nation states and placed collective will power above domestic interests but meant a lag and a pull back on financial capabilities for further advancements. Under the leadership of France and Germany meant that Paris and Berlin were the driving force behind the EU integration, and under this leadership can attribute to the success of the integration itself in the ability for the two countries to overlook historical differences between the two and step together for a success of a better tomorrow. The critical element that make regionalism successful in Europe in achieving the European Union was the ability to push aside differences; the capability in reconciling historical pasts. With historical reconciliation, especially between France and Germany with a turbulent historical past of the war of 1870, the First and Second World War. The reconciliation brought the cohesion that allowed for the development of relationship building and the necessary political will for cooperation and ultimately integration. The achievement through years of sustained political effort from leaders of both countries paved way that facilitated the mend of commonality towards sculpting a regional community. This is a reflection of the European Union’s ability and ‘community approach’ and through a common institution of the European Econmic Community formed a Free Trade Area, instill a Customs Union that led to a Single Market and Single Currency. The regional cooperation of economics wasn’t the limit as foreign policy overlapped amongst the members which allowed for a common passport. These aspects and byproducts through political will in achieving an ambitious common goal forged an atmosphere of peace, prosperity and security in the European environment. With an ambitious idea seen through to the very end can prove to solidify and validate the EU model of integration especially in its historical record of responding to crisis. The validity of cooperation is tested in the face of turmoil and with such response by the European Union model, this integration has proved time and time again that in crisis it has responded astoundingly, as well establish mechanisms that eliminate repeating failures. Crisis that brought leveraged adversity namely the failed plan for a European Community in 1954 led to the creation of the European Economic Community, the EEC, the empty chair crisis of 1965 led to the de facto acceptance of the Qualified Majority Voting reflecting the consensus approach, QMV, and its eventual acceptance resulting in the 1986 Single European Act. A currency crisis of the 1980s birthed to the European Monetary System and ultimately the Euro, and finally the demise of communism in Europe led to the establishment of a common forei gn and security policy paving way for the widest enlargement EU members into the Union’s integration. In retrospect, there were many requirements that had to be met for numerous nation states to come together in unison linked by interests. Requirements that places the Association of Southeast Asian Nations to the test in its own integration. The process of the European integration may have had the head start and set an example to other regions for the strive for regionalism but the European Union isn’t without flaws, flaws that once examined may unveil why the Western model is ill suited for ASEAN. The European Union has been the most developed model of regional integration, although historically through common institutions and the sharing of sovereignty for problem solving, recent crises haven’t been handled well. Shaken by an economic and financial crisis, and the lack of a timely and coherent response to the Eurozone crisis called into question the integrity of the union and increased doubts of the integration process altogether. The financial crisis revealed structural and institutional fault lines which led to a decline of the Western orientated world power into one that gave rise to Asia and its market power. Mechanisms in place that aimed to reverse or buffer the effects of the economic and financial crisis were economic adjustments or austerity measures but came off as threatening towards domestic affairs. The adjustments allowed for the fragility of political cohesion and stability; the Lisbon Treaty, also known as the Reform Treaty, that replaced the European Constitution. One of major changes of the Lisbon Treaty will be the new president of the European council with two and half year term which will replace the current presidency rotating between member states every six months. Although the Lisbon Treaty sought a reform that would restructure leadership, it paved way for a failure that would undermine the integrity of the shared collective that the European union herald greatly. The obstacle that the Lisbon Treaty faced was that Ireland placed the Lisbon Treaty on referendum, and the Irish public did not accept the Treaty and rejected its ratification. With this wave of doubt in the ratification, the Czech Senate voted for the Lisbon but lacked the signatory approval of the Czech president, without such proved his Euro-Skeptic attitudes towards it sand fueled a demonstration of the Czech public who shared disapproval of this Treaty. With this apparent failure convinced the interests to stray away from any further institutional changes, â€Å"More Europe, no more.† This example explores that a regional restricting that a shared collective no longer spreads the region evenly, the region’s interest has slowly diminished and national interests have overtaken decisions made in this Union. Evident of this change of heart is Germany’s shift in perception, as one of the strongest advocate and champ of integration, Germany leaned towards the skeptic camp as well as issuing public doubts of the Eurozone. The growing urgency rising from the problems of the European Union is that rapid integration without commensurate strengthening of political and economic institutions. The emerging gaps can allow for lessons to be learned by other regional groupings in terms of institutional capacity and necessary coordination in integration. The challenges that follows of the EU integration can be accredited to fiscal coordination, amidst a worsening of economic outlook the reform adjustments to cleanse the financial system with austerity measures led to fragility of economies of EU member states like Greece, Spain, Portugal and renewed speculation in the financial market.   The second challenge that the European Union faces is a long-standing identity crisis, the Eurozone with 16 members, European Union members allotting at 27 issues a high number heterogeneity.   The attachment of European capital to national sovereignty and its reluctance to give power to Brussels for decision making lends to a decrease in the willingness to share sovereignty. On a recent note, at the Copenhagen climate change conference in December 2009, the EU inability to collectively voice at the conference revealed the Union’s weakness as an international actor. The conclusion of the conference ended with the EU agreeing to a deal that leaders of the region agreed that â€Å"no deal would have been a better deal†, endorsing a deal with no legal bindings, and an informal setting of promises to curb emissions speaks volumes on EU being unable to assert itself at the most critical juncture on the world stage and stains the legacy of its integration and its ability to conform to differences and shared sovereignty in the region. If the deal wasn’t endorsed, it would have rallied a collective of voices who share the sentiment that such a deal would make no changes to the environment. The European Union in many of its successes poses numerous present-day challenges that undermine the achievements of this regional integration, its inability to respond to difficulties of a financial crisis and the burdening increase of doubt spreading throughout the region on the crumble of an aligned collective interest. The Asian counterpart to the European Union is the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, also known as ASEAN. When foreign ministers from Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and Singapore came together to sign the Bangkok Declaration on August 8th, 1976 it established this newly founded association, in hopes to manage and contain intra-regional conflicts. The Association grew to ten members with the additional Singapore, Brunei, Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam. The goal extended to maintaining peace, and bringing stability in a community marred by war to ensure that each member is free to pursue domestic development in their respective nations. The success of ASEAN was the ability to house a community of nations whom were independent and sovereign with different historical pasts, multitudes in diversity of languages and beliefs and rarely any overlap of culture to peacefully co-exist. Aspects of diversifying historical pasts, and intra-regional conflicts didn’t hinder the forging of the association, the ten Southeast Asian nations were able to overcome suspicions of one another and set aside latent hostilities. ASEAN in its inception established a means of non-intervention and non-binding agreement, the inability to impose disciplines on any of its members. The approach to the ASEAN model is under the foundation of consultation and consensus which allows for a decision based on the majority before implementation. In attesting the ASEAN model, the process and approach to solving issues relies on the ‘ASEAN Way’ that reflects and respects cultural norms in Southeast Asia, â€Å"A working process or style that is informal and personal. Policymakers constantly utilize compromise consensus, and consultation in the informal decision-making process. Quiet diplomacy allows ASEAN leaders to communicate without bringing the discussions into the public view.† (Masilamni and Peterson) ASEAN did indeed progress but without flaws and missteps of their own, this Asian collective failed to resemble the progress of the EU with historical pasts unreconciled and still damaging relationships between Southeast Asian members. For example, the dispute of the Preah Vihear Temple located in Cambodia standing as a World Heritage site, struggled to resolve with Thailand. The historical site stands on Cambodian sovereignty but was under Thai occupation until Cambodia’s independence in 1954. The UN has granted that Thailand remove military personnel as the site rightfully belongs to Cambodia, this territorial dispute has sparks major clashes between the border of the neighboring Southeast Asian countries. One settled by the United Nations through the International Court of Justice but stands as contention between Cambodia and Thailand. Reconciliation hasn’t been an agenda between the two over a 900-year-old Hindu temple. Although there are territorial disputes, and misalignment in political institutions, ASEAN is by far the most advanced of cooperatives amongst the efforts to regional groupings, taking the EU not by emulation but by examples. The ability for ASEAN to adapt progress of the integration model of the EU into ASEAN applicable means plays homage to the ‘ASEAN way’ of doing things that are sometimes unorthodox and against the grain. An example of using the EU as an exemplar inspiration and not by example is regularly sending delegates to Brussels to seek ideas from the EU experience. In this admiration of inspiration of the ASEAN of the progress of the EU, displays elements that differ from the Asian Association to that of the European Union and how the Western model isn’t necessary applicable to befit the Asian. ASEAN establishes a strictly inter-governmental body, with no interest in or indication of relinquishing means to share sovereignty between the nation members, and additionally, for ASEAN to emulate the EU model would require the ASEAN members to prerequisite a certain set of requirements to progress into integration based the EU model. Requirements that predetermine that integration breeds mutual political will and shared beliefs in the success of the long-term goal of the high level of integration is historical reconciliation for ASEAN members. Reconciliation did not take place as the nations differed on many aspects for example†¦ Without such reconciliation, the necessary political will and shared belief towards a long-standing goal of integration on the merits of shared sovereignty diminished which led to the operations and leader of ASEAN to be one of inter-governmental rather than through a common institution. Although ASEAN has made innumerable declarations to emulate the European Union integration model, their words of rhetoric reflected in their actions as unmatched with their words. The present ASEAN development process poses a challenge to the traditional Anglo-Saxon capitalist models as it contested the reformed rules-based system of global governance. The pressure that the EU and the EU places on ASEAN members regarding labor, social environment, and human rights if seen through as a success in pressure assimilation, actually presents itself as a disadvantaging stage in the development of the Asian model if implemented as the model itself is far beyond Western pressures to curb issues. The ideology of ASEAN itself embodied the ‘ASEAN Way’, a means of consultation and consensus, similar to that of the EU model but in the Eastern agenda, practiced non-interference with non-binding agreements to accompany decisions made and policies to follow. The problem with an open-ended agreement meant no enforcement to curb behaviors and the inability to impose disciplines, essentially heavy-hearted words with empty actions to fulfill promises. ASEAN’s point of enlargement on taking new members in 1997 introduced members of Myanmar and Laos with the expectation to solve and contain regional problems with Myanmar at the time housed a closed economy with a military regime as leadership, economic crisis and cross-border pollution. The trifecta of expectations created the illusion of integration with the confidence between members but instead exhibited loose inter-governmental cooperation. Myanmar’s triple threat posed a threat to an initiating cooperative of its region members but ASEAN overlooked this threat and extended the membership regardless. â€Å"The incorporation of countries like Myanmar with its military regime and closed economy represented a new extreme in ASEAN’s diversity. This in itself would have tested the Association’s claim to deeper integration as ASEAN has not found a way to reconcile its breadth with its attempts to achieve a greater depth of integration† (Henderson 1999, 74-76). The ‘ASEAN Way’ became a means to avoid rather than solve issues and conflict, the complementing of informal operations and non-binding agreements imposed no tangible means of success and integration. The ASEAN Way in this examination doesn’t pose as a threat to the integration of its members but rather examined through a behavioral lens of informality in actions that isn’t present in the European Union attributes, the lack of formal operations and behaviors may ill-fit the EU model. The inceptions of the European Union juxtaposed with the later formation of ASEAN provides a historical overview on the ability in identifying commonalities and interests for the two groups of nations coming together as a collective. In their respective collectives, ASEAN and the EU share numerous elements that prove their successful integration, but having the EU being the ‘superior’ model lends the thought of the possibility to befit the Western model with the Eastern. With the two models explained and deciphered, we resume the suitability in befitting the EU model within the fixtures of the ASEAN structure. The two are known and documented as both eliciting economic integration and community building to both foster and maintain security as well as further economic development. The best description of ASEAN’s use of the existing EU model without imposition from the Union to befit guidelines would be â€Å"admiration, not emulation†, this pronounces volumes on the actions ASEAN have already undertaken from both the successes and failures of the European Union. The admiration and not emulation can be attributed to skepticisms especially with Brexit and the consequences of the post-event in addition to EU-style regional integration increases doubt on the validity of not the EU model but its emulated nature on ASEAN’s. ASEAN’s inability and latent behavior to reconcile historical past illustrates the initial step of ASEAN’s incapability in emulating the EU model. ASEAN has never been more unanimous on the need for greater integration, but the capacity to make the necessary domestic political and economic adjustments to implement the reforms that are necessary to achieve the goals and objectives of integration in uneven amongst the different ASEAN member states. The late former secretariat to ASEAN, Dr. Surin Pitsuwan, elaborated that the EU served as an inspiration for ASEAN but never a model. An inspiration to guide ASEAN rather than an imposed steer of how-to suggests a road heading to demise. Models in their generality suggest emulation but downplays learning, without learning it inhibits growth, change and innovation, emulation doesn’t produce lessons learned and nor does it generate dynamic innovators but rather passive mimics. ASEAN can adopt many aspects and successes of the European Union but merely as an inspiring element and not a full-fledged guide as the two entities differ in mannerisms, operations and behaviors in their procedures that hinder such transfer of mimicking. The ASEAN Way of operations is the mannerisms that prohibits such transfer of guidelines and procedural operations housed by the European Union, the Qualified Majority Vote suggests a similarity in the consensus approach but the backroom conferences secluded from the public by ASEAN members suggests differently. Emulation creates subjective benchmarks which allows for no feasible alternatives to the dominant model, in the case ASEAN and EU, the imposition of EU onto ASEAN breeds a form of Eurocentrism. The imposition by the EU regardless of validity of model strikes a force by the West onto Asia which romances dominance, although the European Union exhibits soft power with inclinations on intrinsic values, there are other means of assertion rather than projected imposition. The imposed force from the West, although in good intent to improve and expand markets in the East, presents itself as a dominant force by the West to ‘handle’ the East. This imposition and emulation of the EU model would have viewed as the West to overtake the East, and with the current rise of China, Asian nation states wish not to look beyond the Pacific for inspiration let alone a steer from elsewhere. The necessities that ASEAN must take in order to inspiringly succeed like the European Union and not simply emulate it would be to learn from the Union’s failures and adapting it to ASEAN in a manner than preserves inter-governmental operations as well promote unifying political will in attaining a long-term goal of sustained integration. An investment that ASEAN can consider follow in the footsteps of the Union would be placing national government’s interests of achieving long term goal of regional integration by all member states above domestic priorities. The push for integration should be one that synchronizes the public as well as the government that It is in their vital national interest to integrate. These elements ‘borrow’ the attributes that the European Union succeeds on and adapts it to the ASEAN model, this inspiration proves key points for ASEAN to improve in its own integration but suggests that the EU model needs improvement in order to be applied. The learning of the crisis in Europe that threatens the European Union fuels the need for ASEAN to take inspiration from the EU model rather than at total replicating. The merits of the European Union serve as inspiration for ASEAN integration and not as a total guideline for the Southeast Asian collective, the missteps and struggles of the EU model provides learning points for ASEAN to improve and implement, the successes of overcome historical differences between regional members provides reflection that differences in Southeast Asia are still prominent. The EU model holistically ill-fits the ASEAN model by the diversifying approach by the two collectives, the evolved formality of operations by each differ considerably and the approach to crisis cements that each deal with struggles in differently. The European Union still stands as the most successful regional collective to integrate upon a common goal, this Union presents itself as an exemplary model of both trials and tribulations of nations integrating, one that ASEAN views admirably and inspired. Success takes many forms and there is no single paved way to achieve it, the European Union represents one road to success and its success speaks volumes that outweigh their struggles that on the world stage provides lessons for inspired regions to integrate. As for the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, it is adamant that ASEAN will make its own Way in achieving a high level of integration one that doesn’t mimic the EU model but mirrors in its success. Bibliography   The European Union as a Model for Regional Integration. Council on Foreign Relations. September 24, 2010. https://www.cfr.org/report/european-union-model-regional-integration.Should the EU be considered a model for ASEAN? East Asia Forum. August 05, 2017. Accessed January 02, 2018. http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2017/08/06/should-the-eu-be-considered-a-model-for-asean/.Hwee, Yeo Lay. THE INTER-REGIONAL DIMENSION OF EU-ASIA RELATIONS: EU-ASEAN AND THE ASIA-EUROPE MEETING (ASEM) PROCESS.  Ã‚  Brill Online. January 01, 2007. Why did Copenhagen fail to deliver a climate deal? BBC News. December 22, 2009. Accessed January 05, 2018. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8426835.stm.Lisbon Treaty Possible Failure of the Lisbon Treaty, EnlargeEU Newsletter, Analytica Thinking Laboratory (October 2009)Greece marks failure of EU integration. Transnational Institute. November 10, 2014. Accessed January 05, 2018. https://www.tni.org/es/node/14497.Cameron, Fraser. The geopolitics of Asia – What role for the European Union? SpringerLink. April 02, 2010. Accessed January 05, 2018. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/ip.2010.10.Holland, Martin, The EU Through the Eyes of Asia, The Volume II â€Å"Assuming Superpower Status? Evolving Asian Perceptions of the EU as a Political and Economic Actor† (2009) Hill, Christopher and Smith, Michael. â€Å"International Relations and the European Union: Themes and Issues. May 25th, 2017. Chapter 1The decision-making process in the Council. The decision-making process in the Council Consilium. October 05, 2017.

The catcher in the rye and the stranger Essay -- essays research paper

Holden Caulfield and Mersault have both been alienated in their worlds as the authors have so clearly portrayed in both books. But as much as both have been alienated, one is an essentialist while the other remains an existentialist. Holden Caulfield being the essentialist that he is, has psychological motivation for every action he takes. He is a teenager that is struggling with the fact that everyone has to grow up, which to him means that you have to become â€Å"phony or corrupt†. While on the other hand Mersault, the existentialist, does things for no reason whatsoever. He is a completely aloof, unattached , unemotional person. He doesn’t think much about events or their consequences, nor does he express much feeling in relationships or during emotional times.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The similarities between Holden and Mersault are the way they are both in a sense alienated from the worlds in which they live in. Holden Caulfield believes that all adults are phony so he doesn’t want to become one and so he distances himself from the adult world. He feels that when you’re a child you view the world without any bias, you see everything for what it is. So to stay a child he constantly flunks out of schools back and forth. When you graduate from highschool you are going to the next level whether it be college or whatever else you want to do, everyone around you will view you as an adult and you yourself will become one. After highschool, most people tend to grow up but Caul...

China’s Compliance with its obligations under GATT and WTO

The history of China and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) dates back to 1948, when China became a contracting party after being among the 23 founding members of the organization. In 1950 however, the country under the Kuomintang government pulled out of GATT, but was later granted an observer status in 1982 after pleading that the pull-out was not done by a legitimate government. By 1986, China’s persistence to resume its position in GATT set a platform for talks with other member countries, which continued throughout the 1990’s. The country only managed to regain its membership in 1999 and joined the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001. By Joining WTO, China agreed to be bound by Subsidies and Countervailing Measures Agreement (SCM), GATT and Trade-Related Investment Measures Agreement (TRIMs) trade agreements. The entrance of China to the WTO was of great importance not only to the country, but to other world economies, which had observed the economic expansion of the country with heightened interests in the past decades. In 2000 for example, China was the world’s eighth largest importer and the seventh largest exporter of goods. The country accounted for $249. 2 billion in exports and $225. 1 billion in imports. In the commercial services sector China ranked twelfth in position at $ 29. 7 billion, while it was it was ranked as the tenth largest importer at $34. 8 billion (WTO news ). It was not however smooth sailing for the country and the other WTO signatories mainly because China is enormous in size and had a set trade regime by the time it joined WTO. As such, a change of the country’s legal and regulatory system in trade was required in order to ensure consistency with the WTO regulations. Although most countries supported the entrant of China to WTO, many observed that compliance for the country would not only need dedication, but also transparency. Sentiments regarding the hard task ahead for China were for example expressed by the United States’ Trade Representative, Mr. Robert Zoellick in 2002 , who said that since China had freely chosen its WTO obligations freely, other countries expected that the country would comply with all. Zoellick however agreed that meeting some of the obligations would not be easy for China, but would play a major role in ensuring that China was open to trade with the rest of the world. CHINA’S WTO OBLIGATIONS China took up obligations laid down in GATT, under the WTO by agreeing to non-discriminate and equally treat national trade from WTO member countries and also agreed to a adhere to the national trade policies as set out by WTO. First on China’s list of obligations under GATT/WTO, was the quota’s withdrawal requirement as earlier stated by the People’s Republic of China, under a protocol document. The country was also obligated to conform to the GATT 1994 agreement and the WTO agreement that addressed procedures involved in import licensing. Another obligation was the right to have enterprises in China trading in exports and imports as authorized under the customs territory of China. As such, China agreed to wipe out state import monopolies earlier maintained in the agricultural sector. In addition, china was required to subject all its imports and exports to rules set out under the WTO. More to this, the country was also subject to varying terms regarding price control restrictions and state trading (Vallera pp 2-3) GATT obligations included the prohibition of restrictions on imports specifically agriculture related imports. Another requirement under the GATT agreement related to giving imported goods equal treatment with the domestic products. In addition, the GATT agreement spelt out that fees or charges imposed on imports would be approximate to services rendered (Williams, Brett p 3) GATT Requirements GATT was a brain child of the United States, which first floated the idea of regulating 45,000 tariff rates in 1947 during an international conference held in Geneva (econ. iastate. du) . A year later, 22 other countries signed the trade agreement. Under GATT, a member country was to treat other signatory countries as a â€Å"Most Favored Nation† (MFN). The MFN treatment assured GATT member countries that non signatory countries would not receive lower tariffs than them. China was at war during the early years of the implementation of GATT, the discussions to rejoin GATT , which started in the 1980’s was further curtailed by the Tiananmen announcement , which marked halted Chinese interaction with the GATT member countries in 1989 (Skanderup p32) . On resumption of the talks in 1995, WTO had taken over from GATT and with the new identity came stricter requirements, which often led to stalemates of the negotiations. It was however, china’s realization of economic gains in terms of expertise, technology and capital gains from other countries that eventually convinced the country leaders of the importance of joining GATT/WTO. China was petitioning to be recognized as a developing country upon resumption to GATT/WTO. This was rightfully so because despite China being the largest economy among the developing countries, most regions in the country still registered very low GDP. Being recognized as a developing country allowed the country to enjoy special benefits under the agreement. Such included the elimination or reduction of tariffs on products from the developing countries; developed countries were also encouraged to avoid imposing tariffs and internal taxes on products from the developing countries. More so, the developed countries were alerted not to expect reciprocal trade from the developing countries (econ. iastate. edu). Compliance with WTO By the time that China was re-admitted to the WTO, the organization had 140 countries signed up for membership. The Bilateral agreement between china and the other member countries was therefore complex and long, such that the entire document was 900 pages and covered every aspect of trade as discussed. It was a consensus that China would implement some of the agreements in the 900 page document immediately, while others would be stretched over a five year period. Others still w ere expected to last the entire decade before China could finally reform its system entirely to match the compliance requirements. To aid the Chinese government in this, a WTO secretariat was appointed, with an assisting 16 subcommittees being mandated at monitoring the country’s progress and producing annual reports about China over an 8 year period of time (Skanderup, Jane p32). On its part, the Chinese government took up massive public education campaigns that sought to offer insight on what compliance meant. Local universities started offering degrees on international law, finance, foreign trades and trade. By the look of it, China had every intention to stick to the rule of WTO. Foreign governments, such as the United States government extended a helping hand and offered to create oversight bodies in Chinese state departments with an aim of ensuring that China complied with the WTO agreement. Transparency China did not always operate transparently in its trade dealings, regulations and decision making. As such, the WTO requirement signified a great shift in the country and so far, the country has done well in compliance with the GATT/WTO requirement’s on transparency. In this, China publicized trade related laws to improve how people accessed them. The most notable efforts were from the Ministry of Commerce, which adopted impressive policies with the aim of complying to the WTO transparency requirements (United States Trade Representative). However, there were complaints that China was not fast enough in its compliance. This was especially the case with short term goals that were supposed to be met within the first two years. In a 2004 review, it was noted that China had challenges with conforming to transparent practices especially with international set standards and value-added tax. In the six year period ending in 2007, China had eight dispute cases filed against it by other WTO members (Stewart et al p7) . Five of these cases were by the United States, while the European Union, Mexico and Canada had one case each. The eight cases were based on china’s non-compliance on Value added Tax, automobile imports, tax reductions and exemptions, trading rights, distribution services and intellectual rights on publication and audiovisual. The Transitional Review Mechanism is in charge of monitoring China’s progress and has raised these issues. Because of non-compliance, foreign and domestic business suffers frustrations when establishing businesses and often suffers from systemic uncertainties. Because of the language barrier, China still under the transparency requirement agreed to translate laws and regulations relating to trade into French, English or Spanish. The country also agreed to modify hundreds of its laws and regulations in order to become WTO compliant (USTR. gov) China also agreed to eliminate the local content requirement, foreign currency balancing requirement and export performance requirements from its laws. Allegations that China still manipulates its currency to date however abound. Intellectual Property rights China has been accused of not doing enough to ensure that the intellectual property rights are upheld in the country. Since joining the WTO, a 2007 TLAG report states that IPR infringement was at its worst in 2005 and 2006. To make it even worse, the report indicates that China had demonstrated no initiatives in trying to reform the criminal code in the country, which is the only way through which the country can enforce the protection of the intellectual properties (Stewart et al p11). Industrial policies China’s industrialized policies have always sought to protect local industries. This was meant to change after the ratification of the WTO agreement. However, complaints from other countries still abound pertaining to china’s protectionism measures over its auto part industry, export restrictions, regulatory interventions and subsidies on domestic industries. Subsidies China agreed to eliminate subsidies on exports and industrial goods. This was done under the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM), China further agreed to stop subsidies on state-owned enterprises especially because some of the state owned companies were not profitable and only aided in destabilizing trade. The SCM agreement only prohibited subsidies on a limited range of products, and imposed countervailing duties. Such compliance encouraged Chinese industries to become more competitive especially because they were exposed to market pressures from foreign investors. Discriminatory Safeguard By acceding to the safeguard agreement China agreed to steer clear of WTO inconsistent tariffs and quotas, except those allowed by the organization on temporary measures. Under this agreement, non-compliance by China would earn her penalties that would see other WTO members imposing tariffs and Quotas on Chinese products, while denying China the ability to counter such actions (Halverson, Karen). Trading and Distribution rights China has scored fairly well in this front. However, the complaints from other member countries allege that the country still impose restrictions to specific products. Among the cases highlighted are import restrictions on copyrighted materials such as periodicals, books, audio and audio-visual products. The 2007 TLAG report indicates that China is yet to fully comply with the direct selling requirement since it still restricts direct sales from foreign companies (Stewart et al p12). Agriculture China has largely complied with the agricultural requirements but this depends on the market situation. At times, the country employs selective market interventions that cause delays in agricultural shipments. In addition, the country sometimes applies scientific rationales with the intention of preventing some agricultural commodities from entering her market. Other complaints allude that China lacks a consistent and predictable regulatory administration, which is laden with capricious practices in the customs departments. The Chinese agricultural market also lacks predictability and transparency. China’s agriculture obligations included her commitment to avoid providing export subsidies to the domestic producers. China also was obligated to lift the meat, citrus products, corn and wheat bans. The country further had to implement some tariff –rate quotas that world provide sufficient market to farmers from signatory countries. Services- Arguably, this is among the sectors where China has scored the least points as far as compliance to the WTO commitments is concerned. Despite the initial promises made under the general Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), China is yet to lift some of its restrictions in the services sector. As such, other countries still experience limited access to the Chinese services industry. Areas of concern between 2001 and 2004 remained the financial sub-sectors (insurance and banking), in a 2007report however, the United States lauded Chinas efforts to comply with the obligations (USCBC) . It confirmed that China has indeed complied with the insurance requirements by lowering the total assets to $200 million down from the earlier requirement of $300 million on foreign insurers. In the banking sector, the USCBC report further indicates that China has lifted geographic barriers earlier set on its local currency, which mad business challenging for foreign based financial institutions. China also allowed her nations to freely choose among foreign or domestic owned financial institutions. In addition, the country removed restrictions that hindered ownership and operations of financial institutions thus allowing more foreign owners to invest in the industry. Telecommunication sector was however dragging behind, with the report stating that although China had committed itself to lift geographic limitations on data services and mobile voice for joint ventures, China was yet to draft regulations on how to meet that commitment. Another requirement on the telecom sector yet to be met by China is her commitment to expand the geographical capacity of domestic owned telecom services by raising foreign ownership to 35 percent. The engineering, architectural and urban planning requirements were however met between 2003 and 2007 and foreign owned enterprises can now take part in integrated engineering, planning and architecture without the requirement of domestic partnerships. The country is also yet to fully comply with WTO requirements set on the express delivery sub sector (Stewart et al p13). Foreign owned enterprises can operate in courier services but restrictions on the scope of business that such enterprises can engage in still exist. Obtaining licenses for the foreign based firms remains a big challenge for many. China’s obligation in allowing foreign firms to operate in freight inspection and testing services were yet to be met in 2007 as their were restrictions on the scope of business that a foreign firm could engage in. In a 2005-2006 US-China Business Council’s (USCBC) report, China is said to have complied with the advertising requirements, which allowed foreign-owned enterprises to invest in advertising companies. China met this requirement in 2005 through the country’s ministry of Commerce Foreign owned business own and operate hotel and restaurant business in China, but have to abide by set regulations. In this sub-sector, China is yet to comply with the WTO requirements since foreign-owned enterprises are restricted on the amount of air cargo space they can book (USCBC). Tariff Reductions China agreed to reduce its tariffs on agriculture products to 15 percent, with average tariff level for industrial goods being set at 8. 9 percent. Tariff reduction obligations were scheduled for immediate, short term and long-term implementation. Trading Rights Trading rights are two way under the WTO agreement. They include the rights to I) other WTO member countries importing products and services to china, and ii) China exporting its domestic products to other WTO countries. In 2004, China enforced trading rights process that ensured that foreign nationals registering businesses in the country did so without any hindrances. This was a step that was lauded by many signatory countries, most notably the United States. However, some deficiencies in trading rights still existed. Such included commitments on pharmaceutical and books importations. Another deficiency noted in China’s compliance to the WTO trading rights requirement was the lack of liberalization of agreed trading rights. Such includes wholesaling services, retail services, franchising services, agent’s services and other related services. By 2004, China was yet to open its markets to allow foreign investors to practice direct sales or off-location sales. Among the notable compliances in the trading rights requirements was china allowing importers and exporters to conduct their businesses directly, without using middle men. Tourism In 2004, China took the first steps to complying with the WTO in the tourism sector by allowing foreign based firms to acquire joint ventures in China. It was expected that by December 2007, wholly foreign-based enterprises would be able to operate in the Chinese tourism industry. It was also expected that all branch restrictions, registered capital restrictions and geographical barriers would be lifted. The WTO requirements for China in the Tourism Industry were initially meant for Xi’an, Shaanxi, Shangai, Guangzhou and Beijing regions. In a 2004 report to Congress, the US lauded China’s progress in complying with the tourism, professional, education and environmental services (United States Trade Representative ) . CONCLUSION China’s compliance and non-compliance is widely a matter of government and industry protectionism. Whereas the private sector players may intentionally avoid adhering to the WTO rules, the government, which has the capacity to press the private industry players towards compliance does not apply the necessary internal pressure required to move the players. The spirit of WTO agreement that China exhibited on its entry to the WTO was already running out in the third year of implementation. Other issues that arise in the only communist country as it puts up measures that ensures compliance to WTO is the fear of the China Communist Party of loosing national support. This is especially likely because the income inequalities in China are on a steep incline, something that the locals blame on the market reforms under WTO and the expanded private sector (Halverson, Karen) Overall, China has received mixed rating for its compliance levels of the WTO requirements. The United States is among the biggest bilateral trader whose public holds mixed reactions on the role of China’s trade to the US under WTO. Some of the notable complaints from US investors include China’s continued protection of its steel and auto producers. Other claims allege that China uses her tax system to discriminate particular imports. Some export regulations in China also contravene the WTO requirements. Such include restrictions placed on raw materials, thus driving up production costs. Foreigners claim this is discriminatory since foreign investor’s ends up producing at higher costs, while the Chinese nationals operate at lower costs thus giving the former a market advantage. Eight years later after China joined the WTO; many member countries agree that it is the high time that the country took accountability for its obligations. This is especially so because most of its requirements were meant for accomplishment in the first five years. The United States is one such country, which is pursuing dialogue, dispute settlement mechanisms, legal action or a combination of all in order to ensure that China complies.